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    1. Verbal Fluency TestGradeA
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    All 25 conditions
    16,361Registered studies name a cognitive test in an outcome measure11,688 name a test you can run hereExplore the studies
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Clinical trials data

Which cognitive tests clinical trials use: 101 tests ranked

Every test in the library that 20 or more registered studies name in an outcome measure, most studies first. Each has a page with the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with and how large the studies are.

Tests by registered studies

Of 16,361 registered studies that name a cognitive test.
RankTestDomainStudiesAs a primary outcomeMost studies in
1Trail Making TestProcessing speed, Executive function2,293709 (31%)Dementia and Alzheimer's (273)
2Stroop Color-Word TestExecutive function1,929785 (41%)Aging, frailty and exercise (230)
3Verbal LearningEpisodic memory1,832711 (39%)Cancer (235)
4Verbal FluencyExecutive function1,745640 (37%)Dementia and Alzheimer's (248)
5Digit Span TestWorking memory1,629603 (37%)Dementia and Alzheimer's (181)
6Symbol CodingProcessing speed1,457451 (31%)Multiple sclerosis (375)
7N-Back TaskWorking memory790381 (48%)Depression and bipolar disorder (79)
8Go/No-Go TaskResponse inhibition702309 (44%)Substance use and addiction (80)
9Continuous Performance TestAttention638265 (42%)ADHD (123)
10Category FluencyEpisodic memory623232 (37%)Dementia and Alzheimer's (167)
11Picture Naming TestLanguage466201 (43%)Dementia and Alzheimer's (104)
12Card Sorting Test (Berg)Executive function411139 (34%)Depression and bipolar disorder (65)
13Psychomotor Vigilance TaskAttention395154 (39%)Sleep and sleep disorders (237)
14Paced Visual Serial Addition TestProcessing speed337140 (42%)Multiple sclerosis (169)
15Eriksen Flanker TaskAttention334177 (53%)Aging, frailty and exercise (45)
16Task Switching TestExecutive function334132 (40%)Aging, frailty and exercise (37)
17Stop-Signal TaskResponse inhibition321147 (46%)Substance use and addiction (92)
18Short Story RecallEpisodic memory315129 (41%)Dementia and Alzheimer's (91)
19Clock Drawing TaskExecutive function28198 (35%)Dementia and Alzheimer's (69)
20Complex Figure Copy and RecallEpisodic memory276107 (39%)Dementia and Alzheimer's (53)
21Matrix ReasoningExecutive function27294 (35%)Dementia and Alzheimer's (25)
22Choice Reaction TimeAttention270109 (40%)Depression and bipolar disorder (36)
23Delay DiscountingExecutive function25792 (36%)Substance use and addiction (104)
24Cancellation TestAttention253102 (40%)Stroke (75)
25Tower PlanningExecutive function24799 (40%)Schizophrenia and psychosis (40)
26Dimensional Change Card SortExecutive function21481 (38%)Aging, frailty and exercise (37)
27Simple Reaction TimeProcessing speed21085 (40%)Pain and fatigue (22)
28Paired Associate LearningEpisodic memory20469 (34%)Dementia and Alzheimer's (34)
29Rapid Visual Information ProcessingAttention20486 (42%)Depression and bipolar disorder (25)
30Vocabulary TestLanguage19973 (37%)Autism (21)
31AX Continuous Performance TestExecutive function19133 (17%)ADHD (36)
32Cue Reactivity TaskExecutive function188106 (56%)Substance use and addiction (158)
33Emoji Emotion RecognitionSocial cognition18765 (35%)Schizophrenia and psychosis (52)
34Letter-Number Sequencing TaskWorking memory18480 (43%)Schizophrenia and psychosis (29)
35Selective Reminding TaskEpisodic memory18389 (49%)Dementia and Alzheimer's (76)
36Corsi Block-Tapping TestWorking memory18177 (43%)Stroke (17)
37Size Order Memory TestWorking memory16256 (35%)Aging, frailty and exercise (26)
38Delayed Recall ModuleEpisodic memory15956 (35%)Dementia and Alzheimer's (71)
39Dot-Probe TaskAttention14863 (43%)Anxiety, PTSD and OCD (40)
40Pattern and Letter ComparisonProcessing speed14751 (35%)Aging, frailty and exercise (24)
41Finger Tapping TaskProcessing speed14454 (38%)Parkinson's disease (24)
42Picture Order Memory TestEpisodic memory14451 (35%)Aging, frailty and exercise (29)
43Attention Network TestAttention13857 (41%)Anxiety, PTSD and OCD (15)
44Symbol Scan TaskProcessing speed12954 (42%)Brain injury and concussion (24)
45Iowa Gambling LiteExecutive function12549 (39%)Substance use and addiction (30)
46Contrast Sensitivity TestAttention11942 (35%)Obesity and diabetes (6)
47Implicit Association Test (IAT)Social cognition11342 (37%)Depression and bipolar disorder (24)
48Monetary Incentive DelayExecutive function10667 (63%)Depression and bipolar disorder (40)
49Balloon RiskExecutive function10536 (34%)Substance use and addiction (34)
50Arithmetic Fluency TaskProcessing speed10147 (47%)Mild cognitive impairment (11)
51Purchase TaskExecutive function8937 (42%)Substance use and addiction (78)
52Oddball Target DetectionAttention8640 (47%)Schizophrenia and psychosis (20)
53Sustained Attention to ResponseAttention8539 (46%)Sleep and sleep disorders (15)
54Spatial Working MemoryWorking memory7836 (46%)Schizophrenia and psychosis (9)
55Delayed Match-to-SampleEpisodic memory6922 (32%)Depression and bipolar disorder (9)
56Line Angle MatchingAttention6921 (30%)Parkinson's disease (25)
57Antisaccade TaskResponse inhibition6841 (60%)Healthy volunteers (12)
58Line Bisection TestAttention6822 (32%)Stroke (44)
59Emotional Stroop TaskAttention6631 (47%)Depression and bipolar disorder (19)
60Hidden Path LearningEpisodic memory6627 (41%)Healthy volunteers (13)
61Probabilistic Reversal LearningExecutive function6633 (50%)Healthy volunteers (14)
62Mental RotationWorking memory6431 (48%)Healthy volunteers (6)
63Mnemonic Similarity TaskEpisodic memory6226 (42%)Mild cognitive impairment (13)
64Effort for Rewards TaskExecutive function6126 (43%)Depression and bipolar disorder (35)
65Emotion Regulation TaskSocial cognition5631 (55%)Depression and bipolar disorder (19)
66Field of View Speed TestAttention5329 (55%)Aging, frailty and exercise (13)
67Face-name Memory TaskEpisodic memory5127 (53%)Dementia and Alzheimer's (22)
68One-Touch Tower PlanningExecutive function5114 (27%)Depression and bipolar disorder (13)
69Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftExecutive function5018 (36%)Depression and bipolar disorder (12)
70Affective Go/No-GoResponse inhibition4818 (38%)Depression and bipolar disorder (19)
71Word Pair LearningEpisodic memory4824 (50%)Dementia and Alzheimer's (10)
72Visual Search TestAttention4732 (68%)Stroke (6)
73Effort Discounting TaskExecutive function4623 (50%)Depression and bipolar disorder (15)
74Design Fluency TestExecutive function4512 (27%)Brain injury and concussion (7)
75Recognition Memory TestEpisodic memory4522 (49%)Depression and bipolar disorder (7)
76Pattern Recognition MemoryEpisodic memory4119 (46%)Dementia and Alzheimer's (9)
77Probabilistic Reward TaskExecutive function3820 (53%)Depression and bipolar disorder (25)
78Sternberg Memory ScanningWorking memory3819 (50%)Sleep and sleep disorders (6)
79Token Commands TaskLanguage3612 (33%)Stroke (14)
80Tower of HanoiExecutive function3414 (41%)ADHD (3)
81Ball-Toss GameSocial cognition3315 (45%)Depression and bipolar disorder (7)
82Block Copy TestExecutive function3312 (36%)Mild cognitive impairment (7)
83Indirect Hints TaskSocial cognition339 (27%)Schizophrenia and psychosis (27)
84Multi-Source Interference TaskExecutive function3219 (59%)Depression and bipolar disorder (8)
85Motor Sequence TaskProcessing speed3016 (53%)Stroke (7)
86Simon TaskExecutive function3018 (60%)Parkinson's disease (5)
87Approach-Avoidance TaskSocial cognition2814 (50%)Substance use and addiction (14)
88Biological Motion TaskAttention2811 (39%)Autism (15)
89Serial Reaction TimeProcessing speed2713 (48%)Healthy volunteers (6)
90Trust GameSocial cognition2614 (54%)Schizophrenia and psychosis (6)
91Betting Choice TaskExecutive function245 (21%)Anxiety, PTSD and OCD (7)
92Operation SpanWorking memory2412 (50%)Depression and bipolar disorder (3)
93Social Slips Stories TaskSocial cognition2414 (58%)Schizophrenia and psychosis (10)
94Mirror Tracing TaskProcessing speed2310 (43%)Substance use and addiction (13)
95Posner CueingAttention239 (39%)Anxiety, PTSD and OCD (4)
96Lexical Decision TaskLanguage227 (32%)Stroke (3)
97Reading Span TaskWorking memory228 (36%)Anxiety, PTSD and OCD (6)
98Serial Naming TaskLanguage227 (32%)Depression and bipolar disorder (1)
99Sentence Completion Inhibition TestExecutive function217 (33%)Delirium, surgery and intensive care (6)
100Beads TaskExecutive function206 (30%)Schizophrenia and psychosis (12)
101Scrambled Sentences TestSocial cognition2011 (55%)Anxiety, PTSD and OCD (13)

Tests with fewer studies are in the explorer on the main clinical trials page, and every test's count is in the use and evidence table.

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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Choose tests with a record in registered trials, and run them in a browser at every site, on the same version each visit.

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