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  1. Home
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  5. /Pattern and Letter Comparison

Clinical trials data

Pattern and Letter Comparison in clinical trials: 147 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Pattern and Letter Comparison in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
147
Name it in a primary outcome, 35%
51 of 147
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.0% in 2016 to 2020
1.1%
By year
Median participants per study
50
By phase
Try Pattern and Letter Comparison

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Aging, frailty and exercise24 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  2. Depression and bipolar disorder13 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  3. Dementia and Alzheimer's11 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  4. Mild cognitive impairment10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  5. Brain injury and concussion10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  6. Obesity and diabetes10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  7. Cardiovascular disease10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  8. Healthy volunteers9 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  9. Cognitive impairment and decline9 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  10. Sleep and sleep disorders8 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  11. Substance use and addiction7 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  12. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  13. Cancer6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  14. Stroke5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  15. Pain and fatigue5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  16. Epilepsy5 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  17. ADHD4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  18. Delirium, surgery and intensive care3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  19. Multiple sclerosis2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  20. Parkinson's disease1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  21. Schizophrenia and psychosis1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  22. Autism1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  23. COVID-19 and long COVID1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  24. Other conditions27 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

Pattern and Letter Comparison is a primary outcome in 35% of its studies. Across the 11 processing speed tests with a page here, the median is 42%.
  1. Motor Sequence Task53% of 30 studies

  2. Serial Reaction Time48% of 27 studies

  3. Arithmetic Fluency Task47% of 101 studies

  4. Mirror Tracing Task43% of 23 studies

  5. Symbol Scan Task42% of 129 studies

  6. Paced Visual Serial Addition Test42% of 337 studies

  7. Simple Reaction Time40% of 210 studies

  8. Finger Tapping Task38% of 144 studies

  9. Pattern and Letter Comparison35% of 147 studies

  10. Symbol Coding31% of 1,457 studies

  11. Trail Making Test31% of 2,293 studies

Studies by start year

1.1% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.0% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 3 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 8 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 9 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 14 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 10 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 19 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 13 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 19 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 13 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 17 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 18 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200900
201000
201100
201200
201300
201411
201520
201633
201782
201894
2019144
2020105
2021196
2022136
2023198
2024134
2025176
2026182

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 18 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 16 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/25 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 210 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/34 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 33 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 46 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable90 studies, 35 as a primary outcome
  • Observational15 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100
  • Phase 270 median, 53 to 116
  • Not applicable49 median, 30 to 100
  • Observational75 median, 35 to 124
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names Pattern and Letter Comparison, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Phase 2107053 to 116
Not applicable894930 to 100
Observational157535 to 124

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Pattern and Letter Comparison are measured within 8 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 4 weeks to 6 months. 47 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day18 outcomes, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks18 outcomes, 10 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months48 outcomes, 14 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months32 outcomes, 7 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months17 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years7 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given7 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

140 of the 147 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting43 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting5 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Completed73 studies, 28 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early13 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown8 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral58 studies, 16 as a primary outcome
  • Drug27 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Device23 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Biological2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Genetic2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other34 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • None given8 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States122 studies, 41 as a primary outcome
  • Canada8 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Belgium3 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Honduras2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • France1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Ghana1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Jamaica1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Pakistan1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Puerto Rico1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Spain1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Sweden1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

13 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 5 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name Pattern and Letter Comparison: 30 of 73, 41%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name Pattern and Letter Comparison and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name Pattern and Letter ComparisonEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper7, 10%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only13, 18%1,139, 14%
A results paper only10, 14%1,711, 22%
Neither43, 59%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming Pattern and Letter Comparison name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Dimensional Change Card Sort98 studies, 35 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Size Order Memory Test95 studies, 31 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Picture Order Memory Test83 studies, 29 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Vocabulary Test42 studies, 13 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Verbal Learning39 studies, 13 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Symbol Coding23 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Eriksen Flanker Task21 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Trail Making Test21 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Stroop Color-Word Test19 studies, 13 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    N-Back Task13 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for Pattern and Letter Comparison and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Pattern and Letter Comparison146 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026
Dimensional Change Card Sort211 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026
Size Order Memory Test160 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026
Picture Order Memory Test142 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearPattern and Letter ComparisonDimensional Change Card SortSize Order Memory TestPicture Order Memory Test
20000000
20010000
20020000
20030000
20040000
20050000
20060000
20070000
20080000
20090100
20100000
20110100
20120000
20130311
20141310
20152523
20163142
201781089
20189161514
201914181315
20201013106
202119241819
202213171312
202319292217
202413221513
202517322021
202618161810

Explore the 147 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestPattern and Letter Comparison

147 studies match. 51 name Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome. Median size 50 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 8 weeks.

Loading 147 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
051015202000: 0 studies, 0 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2013: 0 studies, 0 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2014: 1 studies, 1 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2015: 2 studies, 0 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome20152016: 3 studies, 3 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2017: 8 studies, 2 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2018: 9 studies, 4 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2019: 14 studies, 4 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2020: 10 studies, 5 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome20202021: 19 studies, 6 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2022: 13 studies, 6 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2023: 19 studies, 8 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2024: 13 studies, 4 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome2025: 17 studies, 6 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome20252026: 18 studies, 2 naming Pattern and Letter Comparison in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 1 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200900
201000
201100
201200
201300
201411
201520
201633
201782
201894
2019144
2020105
2021196
2022136
2023198
2024134
2025176
2026182

Library tests named most

  • Pattern and Letter Comparison147 studies, 51 as a primary outcome
  • Dimensional Change Card Sort98 studies, 35 as a primary outcome
  • Size Order Memory Test95 studies, 31 as a primary outcome
  • Picture Order Memory Test83 studies, 29 as a primary outcome
  • Vocabulary Test42 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning39 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding23 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Eriksen Flanker Task21 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test21 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test19 studies, 13 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 9, NIH 1, other 137. Interventional 132, observational 15.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomePattern and Letter Comparison

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07861867Start2027PhasePhase 2ConditionsStroke, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskPrimary6 months
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary6 months
  • Vocabulary TestSecondary6 months
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary6 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary6 months
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary6 months
NCT07784582Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants15Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Size Order Memory TestPrimary6 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonPrimary6 months
NCT07779889Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants34Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary10 months
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary10 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary10 months
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary10 months
NCT07743645Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary12 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary12 months
NCT07740967Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSleep and sleep disorders, Pain and fatigue, Cardiovascular diseaseParticipants34Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary8 weeks
NCT07729930Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSleep and sleep disorders, Pain and fatigue, Cardiovascular diseaseParticipants38Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary8 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary8 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonPrimary8 weeks
NCT07727512Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants45Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskSecondary13 weeks
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary13 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary13 weeks
NCT07699159Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants1,620Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary6 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimarysame day
  • Matrix ReasoningPrimarysame day
  • Delay DiscountingPrimary6 months
  • Dimensional Change Card SortPrimarysame day
  • Size Order Memory TestPrimarysame day
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonPrimarysame day
  • Picture Order Memory TestPrimarysame day
  • Emotional Stroop TaskPrimary6 months
  • Mental RotationPrimarysame day
NCT07675499Start2026PhasePhase 2/3ConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary16 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary16 weeks
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary16 weeks
NCT07654231Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsCardiovascular diseaseParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Other outcome2 years
  • Dimensional Change Card SortOther outcome2 years
  • Vocabulary TestOther outcome2 years
  • Size Order Memory TestOther outcome2 years
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonOther outcome2 years
  • Picture Order Memory TestOther outcome2 years
NCT07651787Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairmentParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingOther outcome12 weeks
  • N-Back TaskPrimary12 weeks
  • Dimensional Change Card SortOther outcome12 weeks
  • Size Order Memory TestOther outcome12 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonOther outcome12 weeks
  • Picture Order Memory TestOther outcome12 weeks
NCT07624747Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants72Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimary6 months
  • Dimensional Change Card SortPrimary6 months
  • Vocabulary TestPrimary6 months
  • Size Order Memory TestPrimary6 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonPrimary6 months
NCT07453537Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCognitive impairment and declineParticipants84Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary2 years
  • Vocabulary TestSecondary2 years
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary2 years
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary2 years
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary2 years
  • Arithmetic Fluency TaskPrimary2 years
NCT07387796Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary8 weeks
  • Cue Reactivity TaskPrimary8 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary8 weeks
  • Effort Discounting TaskSecondary8 weeks
NCT07381010Start2025PhasePhase 1ConditionsDementia and Alzheimer'sParticipants73Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondarysame day
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary2 days
  • Retrieval Practice TaskPrimary2 days
NCT07377318Start2025PhasePhase 1ConditionsDementia and Alzheimer'sParticipants65Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary2 days
NCT07376018Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary12 weeks
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary12 weeks
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary12 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary12 weeks
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary12 weeks
NCT07332442Start2026PhasePhase 3ConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants250Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Psychomotor Vigilance TaskSecondary13 weeks
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimary13 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary13 weeks
  • Word Pair LearningSecondary13 weeks
NCT07292610Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Sleep and sleep disorders, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants135Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Dimensional Change Card SortPrimary12 months
  • Size Order Memory TestPrimary12 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonPrimary12 months
  • Picture Order Memory TestPrimary12 months
NCT07285629Start2025PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants14Lead sponsorIndustryStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary13 weeks
  • Vocabulary TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary13 weeks
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary13 weeks
NCT07272174Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCognitive impairment and declineParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary6 months
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskSecondary6 months
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary6 months
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary6 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary6 months
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary6 months
NCT07218653Start2026PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants72Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskSecondary6 months
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary6 months
  • Vocabulary TestSecondary6 months
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary6 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary6 months
NCT07218471Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants176Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary8 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary8 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary8 weeks
  • Face-name Memory TaskSecondary8 weeks
NCT07216781Start2025PhasePhase 1ConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants14Lead sponsorIndustryStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary6 months
  • Vocabulary TestSecondary6 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary6 months
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary6 months
NCT07209683Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingPrimary4 weeks
  • N-Back TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Dimensional Change Card SortPrimary4 weeks
  • Size Order Memory TestPrimary4 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonPrimary4 weeks

Page 1 of 6

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use Pattern and Letter Comparison?

147 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 51 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use Pattern and Letter Comparison?

Most often in aging, frailty and exercise (24), depression and bipolar disorder (13) and dementia and Alzheimer's disease (11).

Do new trials use Pattern and Letter Comparison more or less?

1.1% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.0% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 17% larger.

Which tests do trials use with Pattern and Letter Comparison?

Dimensional Change Card Sort (98 studies), the Size Order Memory Test (95 studies) and the Picture Order Memory Test (83 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 trials that use Pattern and Letter Comparison enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 70 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 53 to 116. 10 of them give a size.

When do trials measure Pattern and Letter Comparison?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Pattern and Letter Comparison are measured within 8 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 4 weeks to 6 months. 47 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use Pattern and Letter Comparison have reported results?

30 of the 73 completed studies that name it, 41%, have reported results: 20 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 17 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 7 did both. The other 43 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Pattern and Letter Comparison: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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