Data

Reliability and validity evidence for 451 cognitive tests

Papers that name a test together with reliability, validity, validation, psychometrics or normative data: how much measurement work each test has, set against how much it is used.

Test families with 150 or more reliability or validity papers: 52 of 495
Most used test families with fewer than 150 reliability or validity papers: 12 of 50; See the well-used tests
Test families with no reliability or validity paper found: 24 of 495

Use set against measurement evidence

Each dot is one test family on this site. The higher a dot sits for its place across, the more reliability and validity work it has for how much it is used.

One dot per test family on this site. Both axes are logarithmic, and a count of zero sits on the bottom line. Dots high and to the left have more of this evidence for how much they are used. Hover a dot to name it; the lists below give every number.

Most reliability or validity papers

The tests with the most papers on their reliability, validity or norms, from any year.

1Verbal Fluency1,671 reliability or validity papers, 5,242 papers
2Trail Making Test A and Trail Making Test B1,323 reliability or validity papers, 3,944 papers
3Stroop Color-Word Test1,204 reliability or validity papers, 4,956 papers
4Digit Span Test1,202 reliability or validity papers, 2,755 papers
5Verbal Learning1,123 reliability or validity papers, 2,503 papers
6Matrix Reasoning868 reliability or validity papers, 1,106 papers
7Symbol Coding860 reliability or validity papers, 2,557 papers
8Implicit Association Test (IAT)857 reliability or validity papers, 1,497 papers
9Picture Naming Test742 reliability or validity papers, 1,759 papers
10Go/No-Go Task683 reliability or validity papers, 3,039 papers
111-Back Task and 2-Back Task649 reliability or validity papers, 3,210 papers
12Category Fluency646 reliability or validity papers, 2,471 papers
13Card Sorting Test (Berg)578 reliability or validity papers, 1,227 papers
14Clock Drawing Task520 reliability or validity papers, 971 papers
15Continuous Performance Test517 reliability or validity papers, 1,014 papers
16Vocabulary Test503 reliability or validity papers, 550 papers
17Short Story Recall445 reliability or validity papers, 1,038 papers
18Delay Discounting and Food Delay Discounting396 reliability or validity papers, 2,088 papers
19Complex Figure Copy and Recall336 reliability or validity papers, 566 papers
20Oddball Target Detection296 reliability or validity papers, 1,392 papers

Well used, little measurement work

Tests with 300 or more papers from 2021 to 2025, fewest reliability or validity papers first. Tests whose name has other uses are left out, since their paper counts run high.

Well-used tests with the fewest reliability or validity papers
Test	Papers, 2021 to 2025	Reliability or validity papers
Motor Sequence Task	380	30
Novel Word Learning Task	304	35
Ball-Toss Game	358	37
Visuomotor Adaptation Task	405	38
Four-Armed Bandit	357	39
Perceptual Confidence Task	306	44
Judgments of Learning Task	379	50
Metaphor Interference Task	436	51
Attentional Blink Task	332	52
Effort Discounting Task	373	54
Monetary Incentive Delay	342	60
Ultimatum Game	592	61
Semantic Priming Task	326	65
Self-Paced Reading Task	740	70
Social Value Orientation	348	70

Evidence grades

Each test family's evidence grade combines its test-retest papers, its reliability or validity papers and the registered clinical studies that use it as an outcome.

AAt least 25 papers report its test-retest reliability and at least 25 registered clinical studies use it as an outcome31 families
BAt least 8 test-retest papers, and either 5 registered clinical studies or 150 reliability or validity papers56 families
CAt least 2 test-retest papers, 30 reliability or validity papers or 3 registered clinical studies205 families
DLittle published measurement evidence found155 families

How the count is made

Reliability or validity papers are OpenAlex records from any year whose title or abstract names the task together with test-retest, reliability, validity, validation, psychometric, psychometrics or normative data. Papers whose main topic is in the physical sciences are left out.

The count measures how much measurement work a test has had, not how good the test is: a paper can report poor reliability or test validity in a group the reader does not study. Grades describe the published research on each task, not ConductCognition's version of it.

Source: ConductCognition test census 0.22.0, counted 31 October 2026, 2 November 2026 and 3 November 2026 from OpenAlex and ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Data

Reliability and validity evidence for 451 cognitive tests

Papers that name a test together with reliability, validity, validation, psychometrics or normative data: how much measurement work each test has, set against how much it is used.

Test families with 150 or more reliability or validity papers: 52 of 495
Most used test families with fewer than 150 reliability or validity papers: 12 of 50; See the well-used tests
Test families with no reliability or validity paper found: 24 of 495

Use set against measurement evidence

Each dot is one test family on this site. The higher a dot sits for its place across, the more reliability and validity work it has for how much it is used.

Most reliability or validity papers

The tests with the most papers on their reliability, validity or norms, from any year.

1Verbal Fluency1,671 reliability or validity papers, 5,242 papers
2Trail Making Test A and Trail Making Test B1,323 reliability or validity papers, 3,944 papers
3Stroop Color-Word Test1,204 reliability or validity papers, 4,956 papers
4Digit Span Test1,202 reliability or validity papers, 2,755 papers
5Verbal Learning1,123 reliability or validity papers, 2,503 papers
6Matrix Reasoning868 reliability or validity papers, 1,106 papers
7Symbol Coding860 reliability or validity papers, 2,557 papers
8Implicit Association Test (IAT)857 reliability or validity papers, 1,497 papers
9Picture Naming Test742 reliability or validity papers, 1,759 papers
10Go/No-Go Task683 reliability or validity papers, 3,039 papers
111-Back Task and 2-Back Task649 reliability or validity papers, 3,210 papers
12Category Fluency646 reliability or validity papers, 2,471 papers
13Card Sorting Test (Berg)578 reliability or validity papers, 1,227 papers
14Clock Drawing Task520 reliability or validity papers, 971 papers
15Continuous Performance Test517 reliability or validity papers, 1,014 papers
16Vocabulary Test503 reliability or validity papers, 550 papers
17Short Story Recall445 reliability or validity papers, 1,038 papers
18Delay Discounting and Food Delay Discounting396 reliability or validity papers, 2,088 papers
19Complex Figure Copy and Recall336 reliability or validity papers, 566 papers
20Oddball Target Detection296 reliability or validity papers, 1,392 papers

Well used, little measurement work

Tests with 300 or more papers from 2021 to 2025, fewest reliability or validity papers first. Tests whose name has other uses are left out, since their paper counts run high.

Well-used tests with the fewest reliability or validity papers
Test	Papers, 2021 to 2025	Reliability or validity papers
Motor Sequence Task	380	30
Novel Word Learning Task	304	35
Ball-Toss Game	358	37
Visuomotor Adaptation Task	405	38
Four-Armed Bandit	357	39
Perceptual Confidence Task	306	44
Judgments of Learning Task	379	50
Metaphor Interference Task	436	51
Attentional Blink Task	332	52
Effort Discounting Task	373	54
Monetary Incentive Delay	342	60
Ultimatum Game	592	61
Semantic Priming Task	326	65
Self-Paced Reading Task	740	70
Social Value Orientation	348	70

Evidence grades

Each test family's evidence grade combines its test-retest papers, its reliability or validity papers and the registered clinical studies that use it as an outcome.

AAt least 25 papers report its test-retest reliability and at least 25 registered clinical studies use it as an outcome31 families
BAt least 8 test-retest papers, and either 5 registered clinical studies or 150 reliability or validity papers56 families
CAt least 2 test-retest papers, 30 reliability or validity papers or 3 registered clinical studies205 families
DLittle published measurement evidence found155 families

How the count is made

Source: ConductCognition test census 0.22.0, counted 31 October 2026, 2 November 2026 and 3 November 2026 from OpenAlex and ClinicalTrials.gov.

Build a study from well-studied tests

Pick tests from any domain and preview them before you invite anyone.

Start free

Reliability and validity evidence for 451 cognitive tests

Use set against measurement evidence

Most reliability or validity papers

Well used, little measurement work

Evidence grades

How the count is made

More on use and evidence

Build a study from well-studied tests

Reliability and validity evidence for 451 cognitive tests

Use set against measurement evidence

Most reliability or validity papers

Well used, little measurement work

Evidence grades

How the count is made

More on use and evidence

Build a study from well-studied tests