Data
Use and evidence for all 451 tests
The counts behind every test's grades: papers that name the test, papers on its reliability and registered clinical studies that use it as an outcome.
- Share of papers from 2021 to 2025 that name one of the 25 most used test families, the top 5%
- 52%
- How use is spread
- Registered clinical studies that name one of these tests in an outcome, 6,735 of them in a primary outcome
- 16,245
- Tests in clinical studies
RankIn library
1
23 of 25
26
24 of 25
51
25 of 25
76
23 of 25
101
23 of 25
126
23 of 25
151
23 of 25
176
24 of 25
201
22 of 25
226
24 of 25
251
21 of 25
276
23 of 25
301
21 of 25
326
21 of 25
351
25 of 25
376
23 of 25
401
19 of 25
426
24 of 25
451
21 of 25
476
18 of 20
Look closer at each measure
Each measure in the table below has its own page, with rankings, charts and the tests that are well used but thinly studied.
- Test-retest evidenceWhich tests have their reliability over time on record, and which well-used tests lack it.
- Reliability and validity evidencePapers on each test's reliability, validity and norms, set against how much it is used.
- Tests in clinical studiesWhich tests clinical studies use as outcomes, by condition, phase and year.
Compare every test
Each row is one test family. Tests counted together, such as the 1-Back and 2-Back tasks, share a row.
| Evidence grade | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use grade | A | B | C | D |
| A | 0 | |||
| B | ||||
| C | 0 | |||
| D | 0 | |||
| E | 0 | 0 | ||
Use grade
- A
- 1,000 or more papers from 2021 to 2025
- B
- 300 to 999 papers from 2021 to 2025
- C
- 100 to 299 papers from 2021 to 2025
- D
- 30 to 99 papers from 2021 to 2025
- E
- Fewer than 30 papers from 2021 to 2025
Evidence grade
- A
- At least 25 papers report its test-retest reliability and at least 25 registered clinical studies use it as an outcome
- B
- At least 8 test-retest papers, and either 5 registered clinical studies or 150 reliability or validity papers
- C
- At least 2 test-retest papers, 30 reliability or validity papers or 3 registered clinical studies
- D
- Little published measurement evidence found
447 test families
2021 to 2025Earlier yearsEach row's chart has its own scale.
| Test | Papers, 2021 to 2025 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | Compared with 2016 to 2020 | Census rank | Use grade | Evidence grade | Test-retest papers | Reliability or validity papers | Registered clinical studies | As a primary endpoint |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verbal FluencyExecutive functionTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 20255,242 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 21% | Census rank3 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers186 | Reliability or validity papers1,671 | Registered clinical studies1,746 | As a primary endpoint640 |
| Stroop Color-Word TestExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 20254,956 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 14% | Census rank4 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers151 | Reliability or validity papers1,204 | Registered clinical studies1,929 | As a primary endpoint785 |
| Trail Making Test ATrail Making Test BProcessing speed, Executive functionTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 20253,944 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 22% | Census rank5 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers161 | Reliability or validity papers1,323 | Registered clinical studies2,293 | As a primary endpoint709 |
| 1-Back Task2-Back TaskWorking memoryTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 20253,210 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 22% | Census rank6 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers104 | Reliability or validity papers649 | Registered clinical studies790 | As a primary endpoint381 |
| Go/No-Go TaskResponse inhibitionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 20253,039 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 7% | Census rank7 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers84 | Reliability or validity papers683 | Registered clinical studies702 | As a primary endpoint309 |
| Digit Span TestWorking memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 20252,755 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 16% | Census rank8 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers136 | Reliability or validity papers1,202 | Registered clinical studies1,629 | As a primary endpoint603 |
| Symbol CodingProcessing speedTop condition: Multiple sclerosis | Papers, 2021 to 20252,557 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 48% | Census rank9 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers135 | Reliability or validity papers860 | Registered clinical studies1,457 | As a primary endpoint451 |
| Verbal LearningEpisodic memoryTop condition: Cancer | Papers, 2021 to 20252,503 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 14% | Census rank10 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers134 | Reliability or validity papers1,123 | Registered clinical studies1,832 | As a primary endpoint711 |
| Category FluencyEpisodic memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 20252,471 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 54% | Census rank11 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers56 | Reliability or validity papers646 | Registered clinical studies624 | As a primary endpoint232 |
| Delay DiscountingFood Delay DiscountingExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 20252,088 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 4% | Census rank12 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers48 | Reliability or validity papers396 | Registered clinical studies257 | As a primary endpoint92 |
| Picture Naming TestLanguageTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 20251,759 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 1% | Census rank14 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers82 | Reliability or validity papers742 | Registered clinical studies466 | As a primary endpoint201 |
| Task Switching TestExecutive functionTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 20251,508 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 7% | Census rank15 | UseA | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers15 | Reliability or validity papers232 | Registered clinical studies334 | As a primary endpoint132 |
| Implicit Association Test (IAT)Social cognitionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 20251,497 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 3% | Census rank16 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers68 | Reliability or validity papers857 | Registered clinical studies113 | As a primary endpoint42 |
| Eriksen Flanker TaskAttentionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 20251,472 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 17% | Census rank17 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers38 | Reliability or validity papers223 | Registered clinical studies334 | As a primary endpoint177 |
| Lexical Decision TaskLanguageTop condition: Stroke | Papers, 2021 to 20251,412 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 10% | Census rank18 | UseA | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers15 | Reliability or validity papers251 | Registered clinical studies22 | As a primary endpoint7 |
| Oddball Target DetectionAttentionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 20251,392 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 1% | Census rank19 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers41 | Reliability or validity papers296 | Registered clinical studies86 | As a primary endpoint40 |
| Card Sorting Test (Berg)Executive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 20251,227 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 8% | Census rank20 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers51 | Reliability or validity papers578 | Registered clinical studies410 | As a primary endpoint139 |
| Emoji Emotion RecognitionSocial cognitionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 20251,197 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 47% | Census rank21 | UseA | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers21 | Reliability or validity papers266 | Registered clinical studies187 | As a primary endpoint65 |
| Grammaticality Judgment TaskLanguageTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 20251,140 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 4% | Census rank22 | UseA | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers166 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Visual Search TestAttentionTop condition: Stroke | Papers, 2021 to 20251,132 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 2% | Census rank23 | UseA | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers15 | Reliability or validity papers188 | Registered clinical studies46 | As a primary endpoint32 |
| Matrix ReasoningExecutive functionTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 20251,106 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 1% | Census rank24 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers89 | Reliability or validity papers868 | Registered clinical studies272 | As a primary endpoint94 |
| Probabilistic Reversal LearningExecutive functionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 20251,072 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 12% | Census rank25 | UseA | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers15 | Reliability or validity papers138 | Registered clinical studies66 | As a primary endpoint33 |
| Short Story RecallEpisodic memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 20251,038 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 10% | Census rank26 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers52 | Reliability or validity papers445 | Registered clinical studies315 | As a primary endpoint129 |
| Continuous Performance TestAttentionTop condition: ADHD | Papers, 2021 to 20251,014 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 12% | Census rank27 | UseA | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers54 | Reliability or validity papers517 | Registered clinical studies638 | As a primary endpoint265 |
| Psychomotor Vigilance TaskAttentionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025972 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 32% | Census rank28 | UseB | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers27 | Reliability or validity papers192 | Registered clinical studies395 | As a primary endpoint154 |
| Clock Drawing TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 2025971 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 11% | Census rank29 | UseB | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers37 | Reliability or validity papers520 | Registered clinical studies281 | As a primary endpoint98 |
| Stop-Signal TaskResponse inhibitionTop condition: ADHD | Papers, 2021 to 2025897 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank30 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers23 | Reliability or validity papers153 | Registered clinical studies321 | As a primary endpoint147 |
| Repeated Prisoner's DilemmaSocial cognitionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025865 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 2% | Census rank31 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers68 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Trust GameSocial cognitionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025794 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 3% | Census rank32 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers7 | Reliability or validity papers109 | Registered clinical studies26 | As a primary endpoint14 |
| Public Goods GameSocial cognitionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025778 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 10% | Census rank33 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers66 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Dictator GameSocial cognitionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025771 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 8% | Census rank34 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers8 | Reliability or validity papers92 | Registered clinical studies14 | As a primary endpoint10 |
| Self-Paced Reading TaskLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 2025740 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 46% | Census rank35 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers70 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Recognition Memory TestEpisodic memoryTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025642 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 3% | Census rank36 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers17 | Reliability or validity papers186 | Registered clinical studies45 | As a primary endpoint22 |
| Food Cue Reactivity TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025639 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 11% | Census rank37 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers7 | Reliability or validity papers167 | Registered clinical studies188 | As a primary endpoint106 |
| Biological Motion TaskAttentionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025624 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 2% | Census rank38 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers5 | Reliability or validity papers104 | Registered clinical studies28 | As a primary endpoint11 |
| Dot-Probe TaskFood-Picture Dot-ProbeAttentionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025608 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 19% | Census rank39 | UseB | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers36 | Reliability or validity papers230 | Registered clinical studies148 | As a primary endpoint63 |
| Ultimatum GameSocial cognitionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025592 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank40 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers61 | Registered clinical studies10 | As a primary endpoint7 |
| Anchoring TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Cancer | Papers, 2021 to 2025586 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 41% | Census rank41 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers63 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Iowa Gambling LiteExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025576 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 17% | Census rank42 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers23 | Reliability or validity papers185 | Registered clinical studies125 | As a primary endpoint49 |
| Complex Figure Copy and RecallEpisodic memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 2025566 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 4% | Census rank44 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers23 | Reliability or validity papers336 | Registered clinical studies276 | As a primary endpoint107 |
| Attention Network TestAttentionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025562 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 14% | Census rank45 | UseB | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers29 | Reliability or validity papers123 | Registered clinical studies138 | As a primary endpoint57 |
| Antisaccade TaskResponse inhibitionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025557 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 8% | Census rank46 | UseB | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers26 | Reliability or validity papers168 | Registered clinical studies68 | As a primary endpoint41 |
| Vocabulary TestLanguageTop condition: Cancer | Papers, 2021 to 2025550 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 22% | Census rank47 | UseB | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers49 | Reliability or validity papers503 | Registered clinical studies198 | As a primary endpoint73 |
| Posner CueingAttentionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025538 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 6% | Census rank48 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers8 | Reliability or validity papers261 | Registered clinical studies23 | As a primary endpoint9 |
| Retrieval Practice TaskEpisodic memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 2025522 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 6% | Census rank49 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers23 | Reliability or validity papers135 | Registered clinical studies8 | As a primary endpoint5 |
| Corsi Block-Tapping TestWorking memoryTop condition: Stroke | Papers, 2021 to 2025514 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 46% | Census rank50 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers20 | Reliability or validity papers95 | Registered clinical studies181 | As a primary endpoint77 |
| Alternative Uses TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025509 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 56% | Census rank51 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers8 | Reliability or validity papers108 | Registered clinical studies19 | As a primary endpoint9 |
| Moral Dilemma TaskSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 2025508 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 50% | Census rank52 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers46 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Tower PlanningExecutive functionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025495 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 20% | Census rank53 | UseB | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers30 | Reliability or validity papers190 | Registered clinical studies247 | As a primary endpoint99 |
| Arithmetic Fluency TaskProcessing speedTop condition: Mild cognitive impairment | Papers, 2021 to 2025485 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 12% | Census rank54 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers22 | Reliability or validity papers156 | Registered clinical studies100 | As a primary endpoint47 |
| Choice Reaction TimeAttentionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025478 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 12% | Census rank55 | UseB | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers31 | Reliability or validity papers274 | Registered clinical studies270 | As a primary endpoint109 |
| Mental RotationWorking memoryTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025468 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 3% | Census rank56 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers20 | Reliability or validity papers130 | Registered clinical studies64 | As a primary endpoint31 |
| Contrast Sensitivity TestAttentionTop condition: Multiple sclerosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025463 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 6% | Census rank57 | UseB | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers81 | Reliability or validity papers204 | Registered clinical studies119 | As a primary endpoint42 |
| Cancellation TestAttentionTop condition: Stroke | Papers, 2021 to 2025459 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 10% | Census rank58 | UseB | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers31 | Reliability or validity papers220 | Registered clinical studies253 | As a primary endpoint102 |
| Finger Tapping TaskProcessing speedTop condition: Parkinson's disease | Papers, 2021 to 2025447 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 11% | Census rank59 | UseB | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers29 | Reliability or validity papers173 | Registered clinical studies144 | As a primary endpoint54 |
| Simon TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Parkinson's disease | Papers, 2021 to 2025439 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 1% | Census rank60 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers9 | Reliability or validity papers75 | Registered clinical studies30 | As a primary endpoint18 |
| Metaphor Interference TaskLanguageTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025436 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 9% | Census rank61 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers51 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Endowment Effect TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 2025427 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 21% | Census rank62 | UseB | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers29 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Serial Reaction TimeProcessing speedTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025418 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 10% | Census rank63 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers15 | Reliability or validity papers101 | Registered clinical studies27 | As a primary endpoint13 |
| Simple Reaction TimeProcessing speedTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025417 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 21% | Census rank64 | UseB | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers31 | Reliability or validity papers198 | Registered clinical studies210 | As a primary endpoint85 |
| Cloze TestLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 2025415 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 7% | Census rank65 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers5 | Reliability or validity papers292 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Serial Naming TaskLanguageTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025415 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 28% | Census rank66 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers6 | Reliability or validity papers85 | Registered clinical studies22 | As a primary endpoint7 |
| Visuomotor Adaptation TaskProcessing speedTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025405 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 10% | Census rank67 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers38 | Registered clinical studies6 | As a primary endpoint4 |
| Paced Visual Serial Addition TestProcessing speedTop condition: Multiple sclerosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025397 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 20% | Census rank68 | UseB | EvidenceA | Test-retest papers45 | Reliability or validity papers208 | Registered clinical studies337 | As a primary endpoint140 |
| Motor Sequence TaskProcessing speedTop condition: Stroke | Papers, 2021 to 2025380 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 21% | Census rank69 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers14 | Reliability or validity papers30 | Registered clinical studies30 | As a primary endpoint16 |
| Judgments of Learning TaskEpisodic memoryTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025379 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 11% | Census rank70 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers50 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Effort Discounting TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025373 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 79% | Census rank71 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers14 | Reliability or validity papers54 | Registered clinical studies46 | As a primary endpoint23 |
| Delayed Recall ModuleEpisodic memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 2025367 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 21% | Census rank72 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers16 | Reliability or validity papers139 | Registered clinical studies159 | As a primary endpoint56 |
| Structural Priming TaskLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 2025367 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 6% | Census rank73 | UseB | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers25 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Balloon RiskExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025358 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 8% | Census rank74 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers13 | Reliability or validity papers100 | Registered clinical studies105 | As a primary endpoint36 |
| Ball-Toss GameSocial cognitionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025358 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 15% | Census rank75 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers37 | Registered clinical studies33 | As a primary endpoint15 |
| Four-Armed BanditExecutive functionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025357 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 114% | Census rank76 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers9 | Reliability or validity papers39 | Registered clinical studies15 | As a primary endpoint14 |
| Patch Foraging TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025356 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 36% | Census rank77 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers32 | Registered clinical studies7 | As a primary endpoint6 |
| Social Value OrientationSocial cognitionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025348 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 20% | Census rank79 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers7 | Reliability or validity papers70 | Registered clinical studies14 | As a primary endpoint5 |
| Monetary Incentive DelayExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025342 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 24% | Census rank80 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers15 | Reliability or validity papers60 | Registered clinical studies106 | As a primary endpoint67 |
| Attentional Blink TaskAttentionTop condition: Brain injury and concussion | Papers, 2021 to 2025332 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 10% | Census rank81 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers52 | Registered clinical studies12 | As a primary endpoint10 |
| Paired Associate LearningEpisodic memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 2025332 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 9% | Census rank82 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers24 | Reliability or validity papers171 | Registered clinical studies204 | As a primary endpoint69 |
| Semantic Priming TaskLanguageTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025326 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 26% | Census rank83 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers9 | Reliability or validity papers65 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Evaluative Conditioning TaskSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 2025315 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 22% | Census rank84 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers83 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint4 |
| Selective Reminding TaskEpisodic memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 2025310 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 2% | Census rank85 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers21 | Reliability or validity papers215 | Registered clinical studies183 | As a primary endpoint89 |
| Perceptual Confidence TaskAttentionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025306 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 87% | Census rank87 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers7 | Reliability or validity papers44 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Delayed Match-to-SampleEpisodic memoryTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025305 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 13% | Census rank88 | UseB | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers8 | Reliability or validity papers58 | Registered clinical studies69 | As a primary endpoint22 |
| Gaze Cueing TaskSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 2025304 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 2% | Census rank89 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers92 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Novel Word Learning TaskLanguageTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025304 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 16% | Census rank90 | UseB | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers7 | Reliability or validity papers35 | Registered clinical studies7 | As a primary endpoint6 |
| Crossmodal Correspondence TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 2025298 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 12% | Census rank91 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers33 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Cognitive Reflection TestExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 2025297 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank92 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers107 | Registered clinical studies7 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Random Dot Motion TaskAttentionTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 2025291 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 7% | Census rank93 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers8 | Reliability or validity papers119 | Registered clinical studies11 | As a primary endpoint5 |
| Retro-Cue TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 2025288 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 46% | Census rank94 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers53 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Cognitive Offloading TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 2025286 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 309% | Census rank95 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers115 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| DRM False Memory TaskEpisodic memoryTop condition: ADHD | Papers, 2021 to 2025284 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 4% | Census rank96 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers32 | Registered clinical studies6 | As a primary endpoint4 |
| Dichotic Listening TaskAttentionTop condition: Multiple sclerosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025280 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 18% | Census rank97 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers48 | Reliability or validity papers189 | Registered clinical studies15 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Ensemble Averaging TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 2025280 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 19% | Census rank98 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers22 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Hindsight Bias TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 2025280 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 2% | Census rank99 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers68 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Levels of Processing TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 2025278 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 20% | Census rank100 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers69 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Social Discounting TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025277 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 3% | Census rank101 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers38 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Masked Priming TaskLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 2025270 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 18% | Census rank102 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers39 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Emotional Stroop TaskAttentionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025263 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 14% | Census rank104 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers10 | Reliability or validity papers87 | Registered clinical studies66 | As a primary endpoint31 |
| Event Segmentation TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 2025262 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 96% | Census rank105 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers30 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Free Recall TaskEpisodic memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 2025258 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 17% | Census rank106 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers42 | Registered clinical studies18 | As a primary endpoint10 |
| Third-Party Punishment GameSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 2025256 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 72% | Census rank107 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers6 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Sunk Cost TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 2025255 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 33% | Census rank108 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers26 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| False Belief StoriesSocial cognitionTop condition: Multiple sclerosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025253 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 22% | Census rank109 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers48 | Registered clinical studies7 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Approach-Avoidance TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025251 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 6% | Census rank110 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers6 | Reliability or validity papers74 | Registered clinical studies28 | As a primary endpoint14 |
| Decoy Choice TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 2025251 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 5% | Census rank111 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers34 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Temporal Order Judgment TaskAttentionTop condition: Brain injury and concussion | Papers, 2021 to 2025251 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 24% | Census rank112 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers5 | Reliability or validity papers91 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Scalar Implicature TaskLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 2025250 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 10% | Census rank113 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers15 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Sustained Attention to ResponseAttentionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025250 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 56% | Census rank114 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers11 | Reliability or validity papers53 | Registered clinical studies85 | As a primary endpoint39 |
| Dimensional Change Card SortExecutive functionTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 2025247 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 55% | Census rank115 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers11 | Reliability or validity papers57 | Registered clinical studies213 | As a primary endpoint81 |
| Evaluative PrimingSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 2025243 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 17% | Census rank116 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers74 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Backward Masking TaskAttentionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025240 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 32% | Census rank117 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers10 | Reliability or validity papers91 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Categorical Perception TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 2025240 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 30% | Census rank118 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers53 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Operation SpanWorking memoryTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025237 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 1% | Census rank119 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers8 | Reliability or validity papers52 | Registered clinical studies24 | As a primary endpoint12 |
| Beat Tapping TaskProcessing speedTop condition: Mild cognitive impairment | Papers, 2021 to 2025236 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 27% | Census rank120 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers8 | Reliability or validity papers33 | Registered clinical studies7 | As a primary endpoint4 |
| Visual Illusions TestAttention | Papers, 2021 to 2025234 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 4% | Census rank121 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers6 | Reliability or validity papers37 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Syllogistic Reasoning TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 2025232 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 12% | Census rank122 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers127 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Gap Detection TaskProcessing speedTop condition: Stroke | Papers, 2021 to 2025231 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 1% | Census rank123 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers16 | Reliability or validity papers88 | Registered clinical studies7 | As a primary endpoint5 |
| Navon Global-Local TaskAttentionTop condition: ADHD | Papers, 2021 to 2025231 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 18% | Census rank124 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers51 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Illusory Truth TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 2025224 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 113% | Census rank127 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers44 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Line Bisection TestAttentionTop condition: Stroke | Papers, 2021 to 2025224 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 22% | Census rank128 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers19 | Reliability or validity papers97 | Registered clinical studies68 | As a primary endpoint22 |
| Real-Effort Slider TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 2025223 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 2% | Census rank129 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers18 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Picture Matching TaskLanguageTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 2025222 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 1% | Census rank130 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers8 | Reliability or validity papers42 | Registered clinical studies5 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Perceptual Load TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 2025221 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 13% | Census rank131 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers42 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Spatial Working MemoryWorking memoryTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025219 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank132 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers15 | Reliability or validity papers59 | Registered clinical studies78 | As a primary endpoint36 |
| Remote Associates TestExecutive functionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025217 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 10% | Census rank133 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers91 | Registered clinical studies9 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Pitch Discrimination TaskAttentionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025216 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 13% | Census rank134 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers13 | Reliability or validity papers81 | Registered clinical studies8 | As a primary endpoint6 |
| Composite Face TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 2025214 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 26% | Census rank135 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers40 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Apparent Motion TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 2025211 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 23% | Census rank136 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers46 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Statistical Learning TaskLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 2025210 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 21% | Census rank137 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers5 | Reliability or validity papers15 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Streak Prediction TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 2025208 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 9% | Census rank138 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers34 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Emotion Regulation TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025207 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 5% | Census rank139 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers5 | Reliability or validity papers27 | Registered clinical studies56 | As a primary endpoint31 |
| Response Binding TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 2025200 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 68% | Census rank140 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers35 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Virtual Maze NavigationEpisodic memoryTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025199 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 39% | Census rank141 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers25 | Registered clinical studies14 | As a primary endpoint8 |
| Reasoning Biases ProblemsExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 2025198 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 9% | Census rank142 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers39 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Visual Crowding TestAttentionTop condition: Brain injury and concussion | Papers, 2021 to 2025196 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 18% | Census rank143 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers23 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Mnemonic Similarity TaskEpisodic memoryTop condition: Mild cognitive impairment | Papers, 2021 to 2025195 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 40% | Census rank144 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers21 | Registered clinical studies62 | As a primary endpoint26 |
| Object Location Memory TaskEpisodic memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 2025193 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 24% | Census rank145 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers14 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Directed Forgetting TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 2025191 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 10% | Census rank146 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers14 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Negative Priming TaskAttentionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025190 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 15% | Census rank148 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers38 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Concealed Information TestSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 2025186 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 16% | Census rank150 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers160 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Inattentional Blindness TaskAttentionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025181 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 8% | Census rank151 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers31 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| AX Continuous Performance TestExecutive functionTop condition: ADHD | Papers, 2021 to 2025180 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 16% | Census rank152 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers43 | Registered clinical studies191 | As a primary endpoint33 |
| Prospective Memory TaskEpisodic memoryTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025177 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 32% | Census rank153 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers5 | Reliability or validity papers51 | Registered clinical studies9 | As a primary endpoint7 |
| Advice Taking TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025174 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 39% | Census rank154 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers47 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Mental State Stories TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025174 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 14% | Census rank155 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers6 | Reliability or validity papers35 | Registered clinical studies10 | As a primary endpoint4 |
| Insight Problems TestExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025173 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 28% | Census rank156 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers46 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Lottery Choice TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 2025172 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 17% | Census rank157 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers31 | Registered clinical studies6 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Reading Span TaskWorking memoryTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025171 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 15% | Census rank158 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers11 | Reliability or validity papers48 | Registered clinical studies22 | As a primary endpoint8 |
| Spiral Drawing TestProcessing speedTop condition: Parkinson's disease | Papers, 2021 to 2025170 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 158% | Census rank159 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers14 | Reliability or validity papers69 | Registered clinical studies11 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Sternberg Memory ScanningWorking memoryTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025170 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 15% | Census rank160 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers5 | Reliability or validity papers64 | Registered clinical studies38 | As a primary endpoint19 |
| Change Blindness TaskAttentionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025168 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 12% | Census rank161 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers28 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Associative Recognition TestEpisodic memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 2025166 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 8% | Census rank162 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers15 | Registered clinical studies5 | As a primary endpoint5 |
| Artificial Grammar LearningLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 2025165 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 28% | Census rank163 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers22 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Letter-Number Sequencing TaskWorking memoryTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025162 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 15% | Census rank164 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers8 | Reliability or validity papers78 | Registered clinical studies184 | As a primary endpoint80 |
| Change DetectionWorking memoryTop condition: Stroke | Papers, 2021 to 2025161 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 22% | Census rank165 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers31 | Registered clinical studies6 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Face Pareidolia TaskAttentionTop condition: Parkinson's disease | Papers, 2021 to 2025157 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 134% | Census rank167 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers10 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Inhibition of Return TaskAttentionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025156 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 28% | Census rank168 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers71 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Illusory Contours TaskAttentionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025152 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 18% | Census rank169 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers42 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Time Estimation TaskProcessing speedTop condition: Brain injury and concussion | Papers, 2021 to 2025152 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 6% | Census rank170 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers5 | Reliability or validity papers34 | Registered clinical studies17 | As a primary endpoint11 |
| Repetition Priming TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 2025149 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 22% | Census rank171 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers33 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Scrambled Sentences TestSocial cognitionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025148 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 49% | Census rank172 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers12 | Reliability or validity papers61 | Registered clinical studies20 | As a primary endpoint11 |
| Self-Referential Encoding TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025145 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 16% | Census rank174 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers11 | Registered clinical studies6 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Brief Implicit Association TestSocial cognitionTop condition: Cancer | Papers, 2021 to 2025143 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 5% | Census rank175 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers7 | Reliability or validity papers78 | Registered clinical studies12 | As a primary endpoint5 |
| Face Matching TaskAttentionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025143 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 17% | Census rank176 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers6 | Reliability or validity papers36 | Registered clinical studies8 | As a primary endpoint6 |
| Misinformation Effect TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 2025143 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 15% | Census rank177 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers32 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Symbol Scan TaskProcessing speedTop condition: Brain injury and concussion | Papers, 2021 to 2025143 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 8% | Census rank178 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers12 | Reliability or validity papers84 | Registered clinical studies129 | As a primary endpoint54 |
| Block Copy TestExecutive functionTop condition: Mild cognitive impairment | Papers, 2021 to 2025140 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 1% | Census rank180 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers7 | Reliability or validity papers113 | Registered clinical studies33 | As a primary endpoint12 |
| Intentional Binding TaskProcessing speedTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025140 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 19% | Census rank181 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers28 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Fitts Pointing TaskProcessing speedTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025138 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 33% | Census rank182 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers52 | Registered clinical studies8 | As a primary endpoint4 |
| Automatic Imitation TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025131 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 19% | Census rank183 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers15 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Mouse-Tracking Choice TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 2025131 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 39% | Census rank184 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers24 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Multitasking Panels TaskAttentionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 2025131 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 56% | Census rank185 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers62 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Willingness to Pay TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Cancer | Papers, 2021 to 2025129 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 21% | Census rank187 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers24 | Registered clinical studies9 | As a primary endpoint5 |
| Digits-in-Noise TaskAttentionTop condition: Mild cognitive impairment | Papers, 2021 to 2025127 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 127% | Census rank188 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers25 | Reliability or validity papers66 | Registered clinical studies15 | As a primary endpoint8 |
| Face-name Memory TaskEpisodic memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 2025125 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank189 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers12 | Reliability or validity papers47 | Registered clinical studies51 | As a primary endpoint27 |
| Temporal Bisection TaskProcessing speed | Papers, 2021 to 2025125 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 7% | Census rank190 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers34 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Affective Go/No-GoResponse inhibitionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025123 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 20% | Census rank191 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers14 | Registered clinical studies48 | As a primary endpoint18 |
| Category Learning TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025123 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 7% | Census rank192 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers6 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Field of View Speed TestAttentionTop condition: Mild cognitive impairment | Papers, 2021 to 2025123 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 26% | Census rank193 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers14 | Reliability or validity papers83 | Registered clinical studies53 | As a primary endpoint29 |
| Attentional Capture TaskAttentionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025122 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 85% | Census rank194 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers12 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Stag Hunt GameSocial cognitionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025120 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 22% | Census rank195 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers7 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Vocal Emotion TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 2025120 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 35% | Census rank196 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers18 | Registered clinical studies6 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Design Fluency TestExecutive functionTop condition: Brain injury and concussion | Papers, 2021 to 2025116 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 22% | Census rank197 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers22 | Reliability or validity papers97 | Registered clinical studies45 | As a primary endpoint12 |
| Duration Discrimination TaskProcessing speedTop condition: Stroke | Papers, 2021 to 2025116 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 6% | Census rank198 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers74 | Registered clinical studies5 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Attention | Papers, 2021 to 2025116 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 22% | Census rank199 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers23 | Reliability or validity papers157 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Decisions from Experience TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 2025115 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 2% | Census rank200 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers14 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Remember and Know TestEpisodic memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 2025115 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 20% | Census rank201 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers21 | Registered clinical studies10 | As a primary endpoint5 |
| Social Slips Stories TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025110 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 9% | Census rank203 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers6 | Reliability or validity papers33 | Registered clinical studies24 | As a primary endpoint14 |
| Tone-in-Noise TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 2025110 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 11% | Census rank204 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers11 | Reliability or validity papers79 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Game of ChickenSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 2025109 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 16% | Census rank205 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers15 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Probability Discounting TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 2025109 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 26% | Census rank206 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers24 | Registered clinical studies7 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Tower of HanoiExecutive functionTop condition: ADHD | Papers, 2021 to 2025106 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 18% | Census rank207 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers7 | Reliability or validity papers42 | Registered clinical studies34 | As a primary endpoint14 |
| Contextual Cueing TaskAttentionTop condition: Parkinson's disease | Papers, 2021 to 2025102 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 20% | Census rank209 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers18 | Registered clinical studies5 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Attitude Attribution TaskSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 2025102 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 32% | Census rank210 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers34 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Retrieval-Induced Forgetting TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 2025102 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 26% | Census rank211 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers15 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Willingness to Wait TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 2025102 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 52% | Census rank212 | UseC | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers8 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Cross-Situational Word LearningLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 2025101 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 4% | Census rank213 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers9 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Sound-Induced Flash IllusionAttention | Papers, 2021 to 2025101 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 20% | Census rank214 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers26 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Word Pair LearningEpisodic memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 2025101 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 3% | Census rank215 | UseC | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers12 | Reliability or validity papers78 | Registered clinical studies48 | As a primary endpoint24 |
| Mere Exposure TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 2025100 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 19% | Census rank216 | UseC | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers16 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Token Commands TaskLanguageTop condition: Stroke | Papers, 2021 to 202599 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 14% | Census rank217 | UseD | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers21 | Reliability or validity papers123 | Registered clinical studies36 | As a primary endpoint12 |
| Bistable Figures TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202597 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 26% | Census rank218 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers32 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Continued Influence TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 202597 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 106% | Census rank219 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers10 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Transitive Inference TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202597 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 21% | Census rank220 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers15 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Generation Effect TaskEpisodic memoryTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 202596 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 9% | Census rank222 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers5 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Minimal Group TaskSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202596 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 55% | Census rank223 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers5 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Line Angle MatchingAttentionTop condition: Parkinson's disease | Papers, 2021 to 202595 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 9% | Census rank224 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers67 | Registered clinical studies69 | As a primary endpoint21 |
| Face Memory TestEpisodic memoryTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 202593 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 19% | Census rank225 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers8 | Reliability or validity papers65 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Food Choice TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202592 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 51% | Census rank226 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers13 | Registered clinical studies14 | As a primary endpoint6 |
| Pronoun Resolution TaskLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 202591 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 12% | Census rank227 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers3 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Spatial Stroop TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202590 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 61% | Census rank228 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers16 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Implicit Relational Assessment TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 202589 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 36% | Census rank229 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers5 | Reliability or validity papers69 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Affect Misattribution TaskSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202588 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 21% | Census rank230 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers5 | Reliability or validity papers61 | Registered clinical studies6 | As a primary endpoint4 |
| Peak-End TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202588 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 21% | Census rank231 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers15 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Numeracy Problems TestExecutive functionTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 202587 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank232 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers6 | Reliability or validity papers46 | Registered clinical studies13 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Encoding Specificity TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 202586 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 46% | Census rank233 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers10 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| 3D Mental Rotation TestWorking memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 202584 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 25% | Census rank234 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers22 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Probabilistic Reward TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202584 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 105% | Census rank235 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers16 | Registered clinical studies38 | As a primary endpoint20 |
| Shape Analogies TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202583 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 22% | Census rank236 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers5 | Reliability or validity papers65 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Think and No-Think TaskEpisodic memoryTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202581 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 62% | Census rank237 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers12 | Registered clinical studies6 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Contour Integration TaskAttentionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 202580 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank238 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers19 | Registered clinical studies6 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Delayed Estimation TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 202580 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 31% | Census rank239 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers6 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Self-Prioritization TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202580 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 186% | Census rank240 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Picture Order Memory TestEpisodic memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 202579 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 155% | Census rank241 | UseD | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers9 | Reliability or validity papers34 | Registered clinical studies143 | As a primary endpoint51 |
| Indirect Hints TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 202578 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 24% | Census rank243 | UseD | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers17 | Reliability or validity papers43 | Registered clinical studies33 | As a primary endpoint9 |
| Pursuit Tracking TestProcessing speed | Papers, 2021 to 202578 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 5% | Census rank244 | UseD | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers13 | Reliability or validity papers92 | Registered clinical studies12 | As a primary endpoint5 |
| Hand Laterality TaskWorking memoryTop condition: Stroke | Papers, 2021 to 202577 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 4% | Census rank245 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers7 | Registered clinical studies16 | As a primary endpoint4 |
| Representational Momentum TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202577 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 93% | Census rank246 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers6 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Size Order Memory TestWorking memoryTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202576 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 124% | Census rank247 | UseD | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers8 | Reliability or validity papers29 | Registered clinical studies161 | As a primary endpoint56 |
| Partial Report TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 202576 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 19% | Census rank248 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers18 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Sensory Preconditioning TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202576 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 77% | Census rank249 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers7 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Spatial Recognition MemoryEpisodic memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 202576 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 10% | Census rank250 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers8 | Registered clinical studies6 | As a primary endpoint4 |
| Shape-Word Matching TaskLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 202574 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 6% | Census rank251 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers5 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Contingency Judgment TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202573 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 78% | Census rank252 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers5 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Cross-Modal Priming TaskLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 202573 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 32% | Census rank253 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers7 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Ventriloquism TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202573 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 28% | Census rank255 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers26 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Magnitude Estimation TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202572 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 17% | Census rank256 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers6 | Reliability or validity papers73 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Auditory Streaming TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202570 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 12% | Census rank260 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers14 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Pattern and Letter ComparisonProcessing speedTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202570 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 119% | Census rank261 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers7 | Reliability or validity papers23 | Registered clinical studies146 | As a primary endpoint51 |
| Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202570 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 30% | Census rank262 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers6 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Planning Fallacy TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202570 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 21% | Census rank263 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers13 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Two-Step TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202570 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 37% | Census rank264 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers17 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Beads TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 202568 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 19% | Census rank265 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers29 | Registered clinical studies20 | As a primary endpoint6 |
| Effort for Rewards TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202568 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 8% | Census rank266 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers21 | Registered clinical studies61 | As a primary endpoint26 |
| Multiple Object TrackingAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202568 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 20% | Census rank267 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers11 | Registered clinical studies7 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Progressive Ratio TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Cancer | Papers, 2021 to 202568 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 26% | Census rank268 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers10 | Registered clinical studies13 | As a primary endpoint10 |
| Sender-Receiver GameSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202568 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 4% | Census rank269 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers6 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Rapid Visual Information ProcessingAttentionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202567 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 24% | Census rank270 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers17 | Registered clinical studies204 | As a primary endpoint86 |
| Betting Choice TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 202566 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 4% | Census rank271 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers12 | Registered clinical studies24 | As a primary endpoint5 |
| Tilt Aftereffect TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202566 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 48% | Census rank272 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers19 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Boundary Extension TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 202565 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 20% | Census rank273 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers3 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Divided Visual Field TaskLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 202564 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 33% | Census rank274 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers31 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Dual N-Back TaskWorking memoryTop condition: Stroke | Papers, 2021 to 202564 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 18% | Census rank275 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers8 | Registered clinical studies6 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Probability Matching TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202564 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 12% | Census rank277 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers27 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Ellsberg Urns TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 202563 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 16% | Census rank278 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers15 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Beauty Contest GameSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202563 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 11% | Census rank279 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers3 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Multi-Source Interference TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202563 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 12% | Census rank280 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers18 | Registered clinical studies32 | As a primary endpoint19 |
| Verb Generation TaskLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 202561 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 42% | Census rank282 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers5 | Reliability or validity papers47 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Animated Shapes TaskSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202560 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 30% | Census rank283 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers11 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Anagram TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202559 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 27% | Census rank284 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers31 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Cue Blocking TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 202559 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 2% | Census rank285 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers11 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Motion Aftereffect TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202558 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 41% | Census rank286 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers23 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Precedence Effect TaskAttentionTop condition: ADHD | Papers, 2021 to 202558 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 33% | Census rank287 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers9 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Psychological Refractory Period TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 202558 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 38% | Census rank288 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers7 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Risky Framing TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202557 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 14% | Census rank289 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers10 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202557 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 30% | Census rank290 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers22 | Registered clinical studies50 | As a primary endpoint18 |
| Irrelevant Sound TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 202555 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 10% | Census rank291 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers5 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Source Memory TaskEpisodic memoryTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 202555 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 35% | Census rank292 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers5 | Registered clinical studies9 | As a primary endpoint5 |
| Repeat Detection TaskEpisodic memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 202554 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank293 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers15 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Cups TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202554 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 54% | Census rank294 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers5 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Director TaskSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202554 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 20% | Census rank295 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers9 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Two-Tone Pictures TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202554 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank296 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers7 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Triplet Odd-One-Out TaskAttentionTop condition: Parkinson's disease | Papers, 2021 to 202553 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 179% | Census rank297 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers5 | Reliability or validity papers13 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Rhythm Discrimination TaskProcessing speed | Papers, 2021 to 202553 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 26% | Census rank298 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers15 | Registered clinical studies6 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Sentence Verification TaskLanguageTop condition: ADHD | Papers, 2021 to 202553 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 18% | Census rank299 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers48 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Value-Driven Capture TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202553 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 39% | Census rank300 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers14 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Associative Inference TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202552 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 18% | Census rank301 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers12 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Game of Dice TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202551 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 29% | Census rank303 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers9 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Pitch Illusions TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202551 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 42% | Census rank304 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers7 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Matching Pennies GameSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202550 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 6% | Census rank305 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Mirror Tracing TaskProcessing speedTop condition: ADHD | Papers, 2021 to 202549 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 17% | Census rank306 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers5 | Reliability or validity papers16 | Registered clinical studies23 | As a primary endpoint10 |
| Object-Based Attention TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202549 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 29% | Census rank307 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers16 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Sentence Completion Inhibition TestExecutive functionTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 202548 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 51% | Census rank308 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers31 | Registered clinical studies21 | As a primary endpoint7 |
| Process Dissociation TaskEpisodic memoryTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202548 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 4% | Census rank309 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers32 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Pattern Recognition MemoryEpisodic memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 202547 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 13% | Census rank310 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers12 | Registered clinical studies41 | As a primary endpoint19 |
| Enumeration TaskProcessing speed | Papers, 2021 to 202546 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 21% | Census rank311 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Three Doors TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202545 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 25% | Census rank312 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers5 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Tip-of-the-Tongue TaskLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 202545 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 36% | Census rank313 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers6 | Reliability or validity papers9 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| False Consensus TaskSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202544 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 26% | Census rank315 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers8 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Volunteer's Dilemma GameSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202544 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 32% | Census rank316 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Numerical Stroop TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Stroke | Papers, 2021 to 202543 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 12% | Census rank317 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers18 | Registered clinical studies9 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Rhyme Judgment TaskLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 202543 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank318 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers11 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Doors TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202542 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 147% | Census rank321 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers5 | Reliability or validity papers14 | Registered clinical studies7 | As a primary endpoint5 |
| Face-in-the-Crowd TaskAttentionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 202542 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 28% | Census rank322 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers9 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Perspective Pointing TestWorking memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 202542 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 162% | Census rank323 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers11 | Registered clinical studies7 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Illusory Correlation TaskSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202541 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 25% | Census rank324 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers29 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Information Seeking TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202540 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 150% | Census rank325 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Word Stem Completion TaskEpisodic memoryTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 202540 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 27% | Census rank326 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers26 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Emotional Face Matching TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202539 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 3% | Census rank327 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers7 | Registered clinical studies7 | As a primary endpoint4 |
| Reverse Correlation TaskSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202539 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 34% | Census rank328 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers6 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Glass Pattern TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202538 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 15% | Census rank329 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers6 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Word Span TaskWorking memoryTop condition: Stroke | Papers, 2021 to 202538 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 34% | Census rank330 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers21 | Registered clinical studies12 | As a primary endpoint5 |
| Flash-Lag TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202536 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 3% | Census rank331 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers9 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Gradual-Onset Continuous Performance TaskAttentionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202536 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 64% | Census rank332 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers8 | Registered clinical studies19 | As a primary endpoint6 |
| Memory Conformity TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 202536 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 24% | Census rank333 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers14 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Zeigarnik Effect TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 202536 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 44% | Census rank336 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Day-Night TaskExecutive functionTop condition: ADHD | Papers, 2021 to 202535 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 12% | Census rank337 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies9 | As a primary endpoint4 |
| Die-Roll TaskSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202535 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 30% | Census rank338 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Listening Span TaskWorking memoryTop condition: ADHD | Papers, 2021 to 202535 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 31% | Census rank340 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers5 | Reliability or validity papers30 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Dot Comparison TaskProcessing speed | Papers, 2021 to 202534 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 55% | Census rank341 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Take or Pass GameSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202534 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 21% | Census rank343 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Go/No-Go Association TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202534 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 13% | Census rank344 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers21 | Registered clinical studies6 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Acquired Equivalence TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 202533 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 27% | Census rank345 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Beat Alignment TaskProcessing speedTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 202533 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 50% | Census rank346 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers10 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Choice Blindness TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202533 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 27% | Census rank347 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers9 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Immediate and Delayed Memory TaskAttentionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 202533 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 3% | Census rank348 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers17 | Registered clinical studies10 | As a primary endpoint4 |
| Landmark TaskAttentionTop condition: Stroke | Papers, 2021 to 202533 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 41% | Census rank349 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers15 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Survival Processing TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 202533 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 15% | Census rank350 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Brown-Peterson TaskWorking memoryTop condition: Brain injury and concussion | Papers, 2021 to 202532 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 6% | Census rank351 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers20 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Rod and Frame TaskAttentionTop condition: Stroke | Papers, 2021 to 202532 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 22% | Census rank352 | UseD | EvidenceB | Test-retest papers13 | Reliability or validity papers54 | Registered clinical studies5 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Spatial N-Back TaskWorking memoryTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202532 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 6% | Census rank353 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers7 | Registered clinical studies15 | As a primary endpoint5 |
| Group Conformity TaskSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202531 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 48% | Census rank354 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers7 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Number Line EstimationProcessing speed | Papers, 2021 to 202531 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 29% | Census rank355 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Picture Superiority TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 202531 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank356 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Probabilistic Selection TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202531 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 3% | Census rank357 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies11 | As a primary endpoint4 |
| Slips-of-Action TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202531 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 72% | Census rank358 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Dot Perspective TaskSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202530 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 200% | Census rank359 | UseD | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Clock Vigilance TestAttentionTop condition: Cancer | Papers, 2021 to 202530 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 100% | Census rank360 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers7 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Memory Updating TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 202530 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 19% | Census rank361 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers9 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Symmetry Span TaskWorking memoryTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 202530 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 35% | Census rank362 | UseD | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers11 | Registered clinical studies13 | As a primary endpoint8 |
| Hebb Repetition TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 202529 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 17% | Census rank363 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Melody Comparison TaskWorking memoryTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 202529 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 31% | Census rank364 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers13 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Point Subtraction Aggression TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 202528 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 4% | Census rank365 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers24 | Registered clinical studies12 | As a primary endpoint5 |
| Redundant Signals TaskProcessing speed | Papers, 2021 to 202528 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 22% | Census rank366 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers9 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Semantic Satiation TaskLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 202528 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 40% | Census rank367 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Verbal Overshadowing TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 202528 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 47% | Census rank368 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers10 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Word Superiority TaskLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 202528 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 47% | Census rank369 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers6 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Attribute Amnesia TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202527 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 42% | Census rank370 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Columbia Card TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202527 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 23% | Census rank371 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers8 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Preference Change TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202527 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 13% | Census rank372 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers7 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Moses Illusion TaskLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 202527 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 69% | Census rank373 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers6 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Part-List Cueing TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 202527 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 17% | Census rank374 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Speech-to-Song TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202527 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 59% | Census rank375 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Demand Selection TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202526 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 73% | Census rank376 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Explanatory Depth TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202526 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 8% | Census rank378 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers10 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Real or Made-Up Animal TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202526 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 13% | Census rank379 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers15 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| SNARC Parity TaskProcessing speed | Papers, 2021 to 202526 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 4% | Census rank380 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Spacing Effect TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 202526 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 8% | Census rank381 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Counting Span TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 202525 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 19% | Census rank382 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers8 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Pitch Memory TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 202525 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 19% | Census rank383 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers23 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Weather Prediction TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Brain injury and concussion | Papers, 2021 to 202525 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 4% | Census rank384 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers6 | Registered clinical studies5 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Minimum Effort GameSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202524 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 37% | Census rank386 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Digit Comparison TaskProcessing speedTop condition: Cancer | Papers, 2021 to 202524 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 60% | Census rank387 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers3 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Alternating Serial Reaction TimeProcessing speed | Papers, 2021 to 202523 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 21% | Census rank388 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers10 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Chimeric Faces TaskSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202523 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 36% | Census rank389 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers13 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Fan Effect TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 202523 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 44% | Census rank390 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Speeded Classification TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202523 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 4% | Census rank391 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers6 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Episodic memoryTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 202523 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 57% | Census rank392 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers6 | Reliability or validity papers18 | Registered clinical studies66 | As a primary endpoint27 |
| Continuity Illusion TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202522 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank393 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Kappa Effect TaskProcessing speed | Papers, 2021 to 202522 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 47% | Census rank394 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers6 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Part-Whole Face TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202522 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 38% | Census rank395 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers7 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Helicopter TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202522 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank396 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers7 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Wason Selection TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202522 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 27% | Census rank397 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers16 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Word-Sentence Association TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 202521 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 50% | Census rank398 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers14 | Registered clinical studies18 | As a primary endpoint10 |
| Rule Anticipation TestExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202520 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 13% | Census rank399 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers16 | Registered clinical studies10 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Water Level TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 202520 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank400 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| One-Touch Tower PlanningExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202519 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 19% | Census rank402 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers6 | Registered clinical studies51 | As a primary endpoint14 |
| Phoneme Monitoring TaskLanguageTop condition: Parkinson's disease | Papers, 2021 to 202519 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 46% | Census rank403 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Phonemic Restoration TaskLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 202519 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 14% | Census rank404 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Reference-Back TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 202519 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 46% | Census rank405 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Bomb Risk TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202518 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank406 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Letter Memory TaskWorking memoryTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202518 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 12% | Census rank407 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies10 | As a primary endpoint6 |
| Number Sequence TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202518 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank408 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers14 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Semantic Triads TaskLanguageTop condition: Stroke | Papers, 2021 to 202518 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 38% | Census rank409 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers5 | Reliability or validity papers24 | Registered clinical studies6 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Thatcher Illusion TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202518 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 29% | Census rank410 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Escalation Auction TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202517 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank412 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Information Board TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202517 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 32% | Census rank414 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers14 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Motion-Induced Blindness TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202517 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 45% | Census rank415 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Object Substitution Masking TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202517 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 41% | Census rank418 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Recent Probes TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 202517 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 32% | Census rank419 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Running SpanWorking memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 202517 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 41% | Census rank420 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers5 | Registered clinical studies5 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Gaze and Expression Theory of Mind TaskSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202517 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank422 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers7 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Figure Matching TestAttentionTop condition: ADHD | Papers, 2021 to 202516 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 43% | Census rank423 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers67 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Random Number GenerationExecutive functionTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 202516 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 30% | Census rank424 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers8 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Rotation Span TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 202516 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 6% | Census rank425 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers9 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Anticipatory Inhibition TaskResponse inhibition | Papers, 2021 to 202515 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank426 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Clock Reading TaskWorking memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 202515 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank427 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers8 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Convex Time Budget TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202515 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 35% | Census rank428 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers3 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Water Jars TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202515 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 7% | Census rank429 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Maze Tracing TestExecutive functionTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 202515 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 21% | Census rank430 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers8 | Reliability or validity papers31 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Repetition Blindness TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202515 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 32% | Census rank431 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers5 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Production Effect TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 202514 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank432 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Hearts and Flowers TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202513 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank433 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies10 | As a primary endpoint5 |
| Mental Scanning TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 202513 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 30% | Census rank434 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Metronome Response TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202513 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 30% | Census rank435 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers8 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Social Evaluation Learning TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202513 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank436 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Traveler's Dilemma GameSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202513 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 48% | Census rank437 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Meeting Point GameSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 202512 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 60% | Census rank438 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Error Awareness TaskResponse inhibitionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 202512 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank440 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Action and Valence Go/No-Go TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202512 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank441 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Overlapping Outlines TaskAttentionTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 202512 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank442 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Fold and Punch TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 202512 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Up 9% | Census rank443 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Crossed-Uncrossed Difference TaskProcessing speed | Papers, 2021 to 202512 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 37% | Census rank444 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers6 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Fortress Flight GameProcessing speed | Papers, 2021 to 202512 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank445 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers6 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Stop-Change TaskResponse inhibitionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202512 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 48% | Census rank446 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Grid Pattern Span TaskWorking memoryTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 202512 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 20% | Census rank447 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies5 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Ignore-Suppress TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 202511 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank448 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Inspection Time TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202511 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020About the same | Census rank449 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers4 | Reliability or validity papers16 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Prototype Distortion TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 202511 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank450 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Squared Attention TasksExecutive functionTop condition: Brain injury and concussion | Papers, 2021 to 202511 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank451 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Function Acquisition Speed TaskSocial cognitionTop condition: Depression and bipolar disorder | Papers, 2021 to 202510 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank453 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies2 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Loss Aversion TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 202510 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 47% | Census rank454 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Rule Discovery TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Healthy volunteers | Papers, 2021 to 202510 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank456 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Self-Ordered Pointing TaskWorking memoryTop condition: Mild cognitive impairment | Papers, 2021 to 202510 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 47% | Census rank457 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers14 | Registered clinical studies9 | As a primary endpoint6 |
| Fraction Comparison TaskProcessing speed | Papers, 2021 to 20258 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank458 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Letter Pair Reasoning TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Mild cognitive impairment | Papers, 2021 to 20258 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank459 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers7 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint2 |
| Kinetic Depth TaskAttentionTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 20258 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 47% | Census rank460 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers3 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Recency Judgment TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 20258 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 64% | Census rank462 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Extrinsic Affective Simon TaskSocial cognition | Papers, 2021 to 20257 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank463 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers3 | Reliability or validity papers14 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Placekeeping TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 20257 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank464 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Thought Suppression TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 20257 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 53% | Census rank465 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers8 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Bizarreness Effect TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 20256 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank466 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Contrast Surround TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 20256 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank468 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Go Before You Know TaskProcessing speed | Papers, 2021 to 20256 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank469 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Instructed Lying TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 20256 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 40% | Census rank470 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers7 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Letter Matching TaskProcessing speed | Papers, 2021 to 20256 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank471 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers13 | Registered clinical studies1 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Social cognition | Papers, 2021 to 20255 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank472 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Solid Slicing TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 20255 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank473 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Route Directions TaskWorking memoryTop condition: Dementia and Alzheimer's | Papers, 2021 to 20255 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank474 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Absolute Identification TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 20254 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank475 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Diagram Rule TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 20254 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank476 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Keep-Track TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 20254 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank477 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies7 | As a primary endpoint6 |
| Letter Detection TaskLanguage | Papers, 2021 to 20254 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank478 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Intersection Driving GameExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 20254 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 73% | Census rank479 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers3 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Experiential Discounting TaskExecutive functionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 20253 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank480 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers2 | Reliability or validity papers6 | Registered clinical studies5 | As a primary endpoint1 |
| Hypercorrection TaskEpisodic memory | Papers, 2021 to 20253 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank481 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers2 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Latent Inhibition TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 20253 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 77% | Census rank482 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers4 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Action-Effect Blindness TaskAttention | Papers, 2021 to 20252 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank483 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Fishing Risk TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 20252 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank484 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Reward Perseveration TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 20252 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank485 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers1 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Number Midpoint TaskProcessing speed | Papers, 2021 to 20252 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank486 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Relational and Item Encoding TaskEpisodic memoryTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 20252 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank487 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers5 | Registered clinical studies4 | As a primary endpoint3 |
| Mirror Reading TaskProcessing speed | Papers, 2021 to 20251 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank490 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Rising Points TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 20251 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Down 92% | Census rank491 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Shortest Route TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 20251 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank492 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Timed Reward Choice TaskExecutive function | Papers, 2021 to 20251 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank493 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Running Count TaskWorking memory | Papers, 2021 to 20250 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank494 | UseE | EvidenceD | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers1 | Registered clinical studies0 | As a primary endpoint0 |
| Prepared Reversal TaskResponse inhibitionTop condition: Schizophrenia and psychosis | Papers, 2021 to 20250 | Papers per year, 2000 to 2025 | vs 2016 to 2020Not compared | Census rank495 | UseE | EvidenceC | Test-retest papers0 | Reliability or validity papers0 | Registered clinical studies3 | As a primary endpoint3 |
How use is spread across tests
A few test families take most of the research use. These figures cover all 495 families in the census, papers from 2021 to 2025.
- Papers naming one of the 5 most used families, the top 1%
- 26%
- Papers naming one of the 25 most used families, the top 5%
- 52%
- Papers naming one of the 50 most used families, the top 10%
- 64%
- Test families with fewer than 30 papers from 2021 to 2025
- 133 of 495
Show as a table
| Least used families | Their share of papers |
|---|---|
| 50% (248 families) | 6% |
| 75% (371 families) | 18% |
| 90% (446 families) | 36% |
| 95% (470 families) | 49% |
| 99% (490 families) | 77% |
What the task catalogs cover
How many of the 50 most used test families each open catalog lists. 192 of the census's 495 families are in none of the six catalogs it reads: the census found them in the literature.
- Cognitive Atlas
- 42 of 50
- PsyToolkit
- 19 of 50
- PEBL
- 18 of 50
- Experiment Factory
- 13 of 50
Is each field settling on standard tests?
Evenness of use within each census domain with at least 10 families, by year from 2000 to 2025, on a scale from 0 (one test has nearly all the papers) to 1 (papers spread evenly). The census's domains are finer than the library's eight.
Perception73 families
20002025
Use is about as spread as it was: evenness went from 0.85 in 2000 to 2004 to 0.85 in 2021 to 2025. The most used family takes 16% of the domain's papers from 2021 to 2025.
Memory60 families
20002025
Use is about as spread as it was: evenness went from 0.81 in 2000 to 2004 to 0.80 in 2021 to 2025. The most used family takes 22% of the domain's papers from 2021 to 2025.
Social cognition59 families
20002025
Use is spreading across more tests: evenness rose from 0.72 in 2000 to 2004 to 0.82 in 2021 to 2025. The most used family takes 13% of the domain's papers from 2021 to 2025.
Decision making53 families
20002025
Use is spreading across more tests: evenness rose from 0.66 in 2000 to 2004 to 0.76 in 2021 to 2025. The most used family takes 26% of the domain's papers from 2021 to 2025.
Language37 families
20002025
Use is about as spread as it was: evenness went from 0.73 in 2000 to 2004 to 0.72 in 2021 to 2025. The most used family takes 29% of the domain's papers from 2021 to 2025.
Attention34 families
20002025
Use is spreading across more tests: evenness rose from 0.71 in 2000 to 2004 to 0.79 in 2021 to 2025. The most used family takes 15% of the domain's papers from 2021 to 2025.
Learning33 families
20002025
Use is spreading across more tests: evenness rose from 0.76 in 2000 to 2004 to 0.79 in 2021 to 2025. The most used family takes 23% of the domain's papers from 2021 to 2025.
Working memory33 families
20002025
Use is gathering on fewer tests: evenness fell from 0.66 in 2000 to 2004 to 0.59 in 2021 to 2025. The most used family takes 36% of the domain's papers from 2021 to 2025.
Reasoning21 families
20002025
Use is about as spread as it was: evenness went from 0.57 in 2000 to 2004 to 0.59 in 2021 to 2025. The most used family takes 49% of the domain's papers from 2021 to 2025.
Executive function19 families
20002025
Use is gathering on fewer tests: evenness fell from 0.59 in 2000 to 2004 to 0.54 in 2021 to 2025. The most used family takes 49% of the domain's papers from 2021 to 2025.
Emotion17 families
20002025
Use is spreading across more tests: evenness rose from 0.71 in 2000 to 2004 to 0.78 in 2021 to 2025. The most used family takes 29% of the domain's papers from 2021 to 2025.
Inhibition16 families
20002025
Use is gathering on fewer tests: evenness fell from 0.61 in 2000 to 2004 to 0.53 in 2021 to 2025. The most used family takes 47% of the domain's papers from 2021 to 2025.
Numeracy10 families
20002025
Use is spreading across more tests: evenness rose from 0.30 in 2000 to 2004 to 0.60 in 2021 to 2025. The most used family takes 62% of the domain's papers from 2021 to 2025.
Show as a table
| Domain | Families | Evenness, 2000 to 2004 | Evenness, 2021 to 2025 | Gini, 2021 to 2025 | Most used family's share |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perception | 73 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.56 | 16% |
| Memory | 60 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.63 | 22% |
| Social cognition | 59 | 0.72 | 0.82 | 0.63 | 13% |
| Decision making | 53 | 0.66 | 0.76 | 0.68 | 26% |
| Language | 37 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 29% |
| Attention | 34 | 0.71 | 0.79 | 0.64 | 15% |
| Learning | 33 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.61 | 23% |
| Working memory | 33 | 0.66 | 0.59 | 0.79 | 36% |
| Reasoning | 21 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.76 | 49% |
| Executive function | 19 | 0.59 | 0.54 | 0.80 | 49% |
| Emotion | 17 | 0.71 | 0.78 | 0.58 | 29% |
| Inhibition | 16 | 0.61 | 0.53 | 0.79 | 47% |
| Numeracy | 10 | 0.30 | 0.60 | 0.64 | 62% |
How the counts are made
- Test families
- The census groups the names used across six public task catalogs, plus well-known tasks and named effects the catalogs leave out, into 495 test families. A family is one task and its versions.
- Papers
- OpenAlex records whose title or abstract names the task, by year of publication. Papers whose main topic is in the physical sciences are left out, because several task names mean something else there.
- Census rank
- The family's place among all 495 by papers from 2021 to 2025. Rank 1 is the most used.
- Compared with 2016 to 2020
- Papers from 2021 to 2025 against papers from 2016 to 2020. A family with fewer than 10 earlier papers is not compared.
- Test-retest papers
- Papers from any year that mention the task and test-retest.
- Reliability or validity papers
- Papers from any year that mention the task and test-retest, reliability, validity, validation, psychometrics or normative data.
- Registered clinical studies
- ClinicalTrials.gov studies that name the task in an outcome measure.
- As a primary endpoint
- Registered studies that name the task in a primary outcome. Each study counts once, in the first list that names the task: primary, then secondary, then other. About 2% of studies matched the registry's search on wording a plain check could not place; they count as registered studies but in no list.
- Top condition
- The condition group with the most registered studies, leaving out other conditions. Groups come from each study's condition names and MeSH terms, and a study can fall in several.
- Census additions
- Test families that none of the six task catalogs the census reads lists. The census found them in the literature.
- Concentration and evenness
- Shares, the Gini coefficient and evenness use papers from 2021 to 2025 summed over every family in the census, so a paper that names two tests counts for each. Evenness is normalized Shannon entropy across a domain's families: 1 when use is spread evenly, near 0 when one test has nearly all of it.
- Search precision
- The share of matched papers that really use the task, to be measured by reading a sample of each family's papers. Not yet audited, so counts for a name with other uses run high.
The counts measure use. They include every paper that names the task in its title or abstract. Grades describe the published research on each task, not ConductCognition's version of it.
This page lists 451 tests in 447 test families, because tests counted together share a row. The census counts 495 families. The other 48 are not in the library: they appear on the rank map and in the concentration figures, without names.
Data sources
| Source | What the census takes from it | Terms |
|---|---|---|
| OpenAlex | Papers per year whose title or abstract names the task, and the reliability and test-retest subsets | CC0: free to use, no restrictions |
| ClinicalTrials.gov | Registered studies that name the task in an outcome, with their conditions, phases, sponsors and dates | Free to all. Reuse credits ClinicalTrials.gov, gives the date read and says what was changed |
| Cognitive Atlas | Task names and links to entries | CC BY-SA 3.0 US |
| PsyToolkit experiment library | Task names and links to entries | Free for non-commercial research and teaching, with credit |
| PEBL test battery | Task names | GPL |
| Experiment Factory | Task names, from repository names | Open source, mostly MIT |
| Inquisit library | Task names only | Commercial software (Millisecond) |
| Gorilla sample tasks | Task names only | Commercial platform; open materials carry their own licences |
Details link to entries in the 4 open catalogs: Cognitive Atlas, PsyToolkit, PEBL, Experiment Factory.
Notes on the counts
- Picture Naming Test: most studies use spoken answers and line drawings.
- Task Switching Test: includes uses of the term outside cognitive tasks.
- Oddball Target Detection: most studies record EEG.
- Emoji Emotion Recognition: includes computer-vision papers.
- Probabilistic Reversal Learning: includes animal studies.
- Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma: includes theory papers.
- Trust Game: may include finance papers on investment games.
- Public Goods Game: includes theory papers.
- Food Cue Reactivity Task: includes physiology studies, and the counts include drug, alcohol and smoking cues while this version shows food.
- Anchoring Task: many papers discuss the bias in medicine, law or finance and run no task.
- Antisaccade Task: includes eye-tracking studies.
- Vocabulary Test: includes commercial vocabulary tests.
- Retrieval Practice Task: includes education papers.
- Moral Dilemma Task: includes philosophy and AI papers on the trolley problem.
- Finger Tapping Task: includes motor sequence learning.
- Endowment Effect Task: includes economics papers that run no task.
- Cloze Test: includes language teaching papers.
- Delayed Recall Module: includes general uses of the term.
- Structural Priming Task: includes spoken studies and theory papers.
- Patch Foraging Task: includes animal studies.
- Paired Associate Learning: includes verbal paired associates.
- Delayed Match-to-Sample: includes animal studies.
- Crossmodal Correspondence Task: includes taste and smell studies.
- Cognitive Offloading Task: many recent papers discuss AI tools and run no task.
- Ensemble Averaging Task: a few counted papers use ensemble coding for groups of neurons.
- Hindsight Bias Task: includes legal and clinical papers that run no task; most of its 4 trial listings are off-topic.
- Levels of Processing Task: includes general uses of the term.
- Sunk Cost Task: includes economics papers that run no task.
- False Belief Stories: includes studies in children.
- Decoy Choice Task: includes marketing papers.
- Scalar Implicature Task: includes theoretical linguistics papers that run no task.
- Categorical Perception Task: includes color and face studies.
- Real-Effort Slider Task: includes counting and typing tasks.
- Perceptual Load Task: its 2 trial listings are off-topic.
- Spatial Working Memory: includes general uses of the term.
- Apparent Motion Task: includes touch and theory papers.
- Statistical Learning Task: may include machine-learning papers.
- Streak Prediction Task: includes betting-market papers that run no task.
- Response Binding Task: includes distractor-response binding studies.
- Concealed Information Test: most counted papers measure skin conductance or brain signals.
- Change Detection: also a remote sensing term, so the search phrases are narrow.
- Block Copy Test: phrase includes the commercial subtest.
- Mouse-Tracking Choice Task: a method applied to many tasks.
- Stag Hunt Game: mostly game-theory papers; few run a task.
- Duration Discrimination Task: includes visual and touch versions.
- Tone-in-Noise Task: includes hearing science studies.
- Game of Chicken: includes game-theory and politics papers that run no task.
- Tower of Hanoi: includes puzzle and computing papers.
- Attitude Attribution Task: many papers discuss the bias and run no task.
- Mere Exposure Task: includes advertising papers that run no task.
- Transitive Inference Task: includes animal studies.
- Generation Effect Task: a few counted papers use the words for a difference between generations; its 4 trial listings are off-topic.
- Pronoun Resolution Task: includes theoretical linguistics papers.
- Encoding Specificity Task: includes animal and virtual reality studies.
- Contour Integration Task: a few counted papers use the words in computational vision.
- Delayed Estimation Task: includes general uses of the term.
- Sensory Preconditioning Task: many counted papers are animal studies.
- Magnitude Estimation Task: counted with specific phrases, since magnitude estimation is also a rating scale for pain, breathlessness and voice quality.
- Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer Task: includes animal studies.
- Planning Fallacy Task: includes project management papers that run no task.
- Multiple Object Tracking: also a computer-vision term so the phrases are narrow.
- Progressive Ratio Task: most counted papers are animal studies.
- Sender-Receiver Game: includes game-theory papers that run no task.
- Tilt Aftereffect Task: includes tilt illusion papers.
- Boundary Extension Task: a few counted papers use the words in other fields.
- Dual N-Back Task: includes training studies.
- Probability Matching Task: includes animal studies.
- Ellsberg Urns Task: includes decision-theory papers that run no task.
- Cups Task: includes other tasks with cups, such as hiding games with children and animals.
- Matching Pennies Game: includes game-theory papers that run no task.
- Volunteer's Dilemma Game: includes game-theory papers that run no task.
- Reverse Correlation Task: a few counted papers use reverse correlation in neurophysiology.
- Take or Pass Game: includes game-theory papers that run no task.
- Acquired Equivalence Task: includes animal studies.
- Landmark Task: a few counted papers use the words for navigation or face landmarks.
- Slips-of-Action Task: a few counted papers describe everyday action slips.
- Moses Illusion Task: semantic illusion also names other reading effects.
- Spacing Effect Task: counted with specific phrases, since 'spacing effect' also names plant and row spacing; undercounts.
- Weather Prediction Task: may include forecasting papers.
- Minimum Effort Game: includes game-theory papers that run no task.
- Part-Whole Face Task: a few counted papers use part-whole for other topics.
- Escalation Auction Task: includes game-theory papers that run no task.
- Production Effect Task: counted with specific phrases, since 'production effect' also names effects in economics and farming; undercounts.
- Traveler's Dilemma Game: includes game-theory papers that run no task.
- Meeting Point Game: includes game-theory papers that run no task.
- Ignore-Suppress Task: Original visual patterns; before/after-study selection, fixed settings. Research measure, no published norms..
- Squared Attention Tasks: first posted in 2022; earlier matches are other uses of the words.
- Fraction Comparison Task: Original generated items; research scores; no published norms..
- Kinetic Depth Task: Original generated sphere/cylinder shape judgments; matched static baseline; no clinical classification..
- Recency Judgment Task: Original visual patterns and short lists; paired later-item judgments, no published norms..
- Thought Suppression Task: the phrases leave out a questionnaire about thought suppression, which is not this task.
- Contrast Surround Task: Generated gratings and fixed comparison levels; nominal sRGB contrast, no calibration or clinical classification..
- Go Before You Know Task: Seated mouse adaptation of arm reaching; goal revealed after a movement gate; device-dependent trajectories; no published norms..
- Instructed Lying Task: Cued opposite answers only; detects nothing about truthfulness..
- Solid Slicing Task: Original solids; published test items and norms not used..
- Hypercorrection Task: Original four-choice numeric facts; fixed item count; no effect if confidence or correction does not vary..
- Fishing Risk Task: Original shorter four-condition adaptation; no published norms..
- Reward Perseveration Task: Original capsule version; not published norms..
- Number Midpoint Task: Original generated items; research scores; no published norms..
- Mirror Reading Task: counted with specific phrases, since 'mirror reading' is also a method in biblical studies; undercounts.
- Rising Points Task: Original implementation named Rising Points; no published norms..
- Timed Reward Choice Task: Original labeled fixed-delay version; actual 5/15-second waits; no published norms..
- Prepared Reversal Task: Fixed browser cue-to-arrow adaptation; same and opposite responses with short and long preparation. No published norms..
Published reliability figures
- Attention Network Test: Split-half reliability: executive control .81, orienting .55, alerting .38. (MacLeod et al. 2010) https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019803
- Random Dot Motion Task: Test-retest ICC .60 for motion coherence thresholds. (Clark et al. 2022) https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.22.8.18
- Dichotic Listening Task: A smartphone version retested at ICC .78 and showed the expected right-ear advantage. (Bless et al. 2013) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00042
- Line Bisection Test: Test-retest ICC .97 in stroke patients with neglect. (Bailey et al. 2004) https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010343000282
Source: ConductCognition test census 0.22.0, counted 31 October 2026, 2 November 2026 and 3 November 2026 from OpenAlex and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Download and cite
Every number on this page comes from these files, release 1.0.1. They list the same rows as the page.
- use-and-evidence.csv
One line per test family on this page: every column of the table, the registry splits, catalogs, flags and papers per year.
- details.json
Each family's registered studies by outcome list, condition group, start year, phase, type and sponsor, its search queries and its catalog entries.
- registry-studies.csv
One line per registered study and family: NCT ID, outcome list, condition groups, phase, study type, sponsor class, start year and enrollment.
- queries.json
The exact OpenAlex and ClinicalTrials.gov searches behind each family's counts.
- concentration.json
The concentration figures and their inputs: papers per year for every census family, those outside the library without names.
- README.txt
What each file holds, the release history and how to cite the data.
How to cite
ConductScience. (2026). ConductCognition test census: use and evidence data (Version 1.0.1) [Data set]. https://conductcognition.com/data
@misc{conductcognition_census_2026,
author = {{ConductScience}},
title = {ConductCognition test census: use and evidence data},
year = {2026},
version = {1.0.1},
howpublished = {\url{https://conductcognition.com/data}},
note = {Data set, test census 0.22.0; registered studies read 8 November 2026}
}Release history
- 1.0.1, 8 November 2026: The page and its files moved to https://conductcognition.com/data, the files to /data/download. No figure changed.
- 1.0.0, 8 November 2026: First public release: the census counts, registered studies by outcome list, condition, start year and phase, concentration figures, search queries and catalog crosswalk.
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