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    1. Verbal Fluency TestGradeA
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    16,361Registered studies name a cognitive test in an outcome measure11,688 name a test you can run hereExplore the studies
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  1. Home
  2. /Data
  3. /Clinical trials
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  5. /Multiple sclerosis

Clinical trials data

Cognitive tests in multiple sclerosis trials: 612 registered studies

Every registered multiple sclerosis study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names a cognitive test in an outcome measure: the tests used most, how often as a primary outcome, which tests go together, how large the studies are and when they measure the outcome.

Registered multiple sclerosis studies name a cognitive test in an outcome
612
Name one in a primary outcome
197
See the tests
Median participants per study
61
By phase
Led by industry
132

The tests multiple sclerosis trials use most

Symbol Coding leads: 375 of the 612 studies name it, 61%. Next comes the Paced Visual Serial Addition Test (169). As a primary outcome, Symbol Coding leads with 93 studies.

  1. 1

    Symbol Coding375 studies, 93 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Paced Visual Serial Addition Test169 studies, 61 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Verbal Learning139 studies, 42 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Verbal Fluency58 studies, 20 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Stroop Color-Word Test56 studies, 20 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Trail Making Test43 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Selective Reminding Task27 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Digit Span Test25 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Category Fluency10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Go/No-Go Task10 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  11. 11

    Line Angle Matching7 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  12. 12

    Continuous Performance Test6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  13. 13

    N-Back Task6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  14. 14

    Tower Planning5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  15. 15

    Finger Tapping Task5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  16. 16

    Simple Reaction Time5 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  17. 17

    Complex Figure Copy and Recall4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  18. 18

    Eriksen Flanker Task4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  19. 19

    Letter-Number Sequencing Task4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  20. 20

    Card Sorting Test (Berg)3 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  21. 21

    Choice Reaction Time3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  22. 22

    Contrast Sensitivity Test3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  23. 23

    Sentence Copy Speed Task3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  24. 24

    Matrix Reasoning3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  25. 25

    Task Switching Test3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

7% of multiple sclerosis studies name only instruments outside the library, such as clinician-administered screening scales. They count in every figure on this page and are not listed. The explorer below holds all 58 tests.

Tests used together

The pairs of tests multiple sclerosis studies name together most often.
  1. Symbol Coding and Verbal Learning107 studies name both
  2. Paced Visual Serial Addition Test and Symbol Coding66 studies name both
  3. Symbol Coding and Verbal Fluency39 studies name both
  4. Stroop Color-Word Test and Symbol Coding38 studies name both
  5. Symbol Coding and Trail Making Test30 studies name both
  6. Paced Visual Serial Addition Test and Verbal Learning29 studies name both
  7. Verbal Fluency and Verbal Learning29 studies name both
  8. Paced Visual Serial Addition Test and Verbal Fluency27 studies name both
  9. Stroop Color-Word Test and Trail Making Test22 studies name both
  10. Trail Making Test and Verbal Fluency21 studies name both

Studies by start year

Each study counted once. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 3 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 7 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 5 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 7 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 12 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 7 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 15 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 12 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 20 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 29 studies, 10 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 18 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 31 studies, 10 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 35 studies, 11 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 36 studies, 12 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 28 studies, 12 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 37 studies, 10 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 49 studies, 17 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 43 studies, 9 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 50 studies, 16 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 56 studies, 20 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 48 studies, 14 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 55 studies, 15 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200120
200231
200332
200421
200500
200673
200750
200873
2009126
201073
2011155
2012125
2013208
20142910
2015184
20163110
20173511
20183612
20192812
20203710
20214917
2022439
20235016
20245620
20254814
20265515

Phases and sponsors

By phase

  • Early phase 18 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 114 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/220 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 258 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/311 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 362 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 424 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable294 studies, 114 as a primary outcome
  • Observational121 studies, 43 as a primary outcome

Sponsors and study types

Lead sponsor: industry 132, NIH 2, universities, hospitals and others 478. Interventional 491, observational 121.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting111 studies, 39 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting32 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting39 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Completed299 studies, 107 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early43 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown88 studies, 27 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral132 studies, 47 as a primary outcome
  • Drug175 studies, 39 as a primary outcome
  • Device83 studies, 30 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement16 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure16 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test17 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Biological40 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Genetic1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other152 studies, 51 as a primary outcome
  • None given47 studies, 22 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States198 studies, 65 as a primary outcome
  • Italy94 studies, 22 as a primary outcome
  • France77 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Türkiye76 studies, 24 as a primary outcome
  • Spain71 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Germany70 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Canada68 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom65 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Belgium63 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Czechia52 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Poland50 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands45 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

81 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 30 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed multiple sclerosis studies: 137 of 299, 46%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed multiple sclerosis studies and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted multiple sclerosis studiesEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper48, 16%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only31, 10%1,139, 14%
A results paper only58, 19%1,711, 22%
Neither162, 54%4,327, 54%

How many participants they enroll

Enrollment as registered: actual for a finished study, planned for one still recruiting.
1020501002005001,000
  • Phase 128 median, 12 to 55
  • Phase 1/241 median, 28 to 69
  • Phase 260 median, 35 to 108
  • Phase 2/376 median, 60 to 186
  • Phase 3828 median, 228 to 1,072
  • Phase 4111 median, 42 to 260
  • Not applicable50 median, 30 to 87
  • Observational86 median, 52 to 176
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per multiple sclerosis study by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Phase 1142812 to 55
Phase 1/2194128 to 69
Phase 2576035 to 108
Phase 2/3107660 to 186
Phase 362828228 to 1,072
Phase 42311142 to 260
Not applicable2915030 to 87
Observational1218652 to 176

When the cognitive outcome is measured

Half of the primary outcomes that name a library test are measured within 13 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 6 weeks to 12 months. 285 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day142 outcomes, 44 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks67 outcomes, 23 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months254 outcomes, 78 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months146 outcomes, 39 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months118 outcomes, 39 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years125 outcomes, 42 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years101 outcomes, 20 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given73 outcomes, 34 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

953 of the 1,026 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Median time to the primary outcome, by test

Median weeks to the latest time point of each test's primary outcomes
TestPrimary outcomesMedian
Symbol Coding876 months
Paced Visual Serial Addition Test546 months
Verbal Learning3913 weeks
Verbal Fluency1813 weeks
Stroop Color-Word Test164 months
Selective Reminding Task105 months

Explore the multiple sclerosis studies

The 569 multiple sclerosis studies that name a test in the library, with filters for test, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
ConditionMultiple sclerosis

569 studies match. 182 name a library test in a primary outcome. Median size 61 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 13 weeks.

Loading 569 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
02040602000: 0 studies, 0 naming a library test in a primary outcome20002001: 2 studies, 0 naming a library test in a primary outcome2002: 3 studies, 1 naming a library test in a primary outcome2003: 3 studies, 2 naming a library test in a primary outcome2004: 2 studies, 1 naming a library test in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming a library test in a primary outcome20052006: 7 studies, 3 naming a library test in a primary outcome2007: 5 studies, 0 naming a library test in a primary outcome2008: 6 studies, 2 naming a library test in a primary outcome2009: 12 studies, 6 naming a library test in a primary outcome2010: 7 studies, 3 naming a library test in a primary outcome20102011: 15 studies, 5 naming a library test in a primary outcome2012: 12 studies, 5 naming a library test in a primary outcome2013: 19 studies, 8 naming a library test in a primary outcome2014: 29 studies, 10 naming a library test in a primary outcome2015: 16 studies, 4 naming a library test in a primary outcome20152016: 30 studies, 10 naming a library test in a primary outcome2017: 34 studies, 9 naming a library test in a primary outcome2018: 32 studies, 11 naming a library test in a primary outcome2019: 26 studies, 10 naming a library test in a primary outcome2020: 35 studies, 8 naming a library test in a primary outcome20202021: 44 studies, 16 naming a library test in a primary outcome2022: 39 studies, 9 naming a library test in a primary outcome2023: 47 studies, 15 naming a library test in a primary outcome2024: 51 studies, 18 naming a library test in a primary outcome2025: 42 studies, 13 naming a library test in a primary outcome20252026: 50 studies, 13 naming a library test in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 1 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200120
200231
200332
200421
200500
200673
200750
200862
2009126
201073
2011155
2012125
2013198
20142910
2015164
20163010
2017349
20183211
20192610
2020358
20214416
2022399
20234715
20245118
20254213
20265013

Library tests named most

Largest condition groups

  • Multiple sclerosis569 studies, 182 as a primary outcome
  • Pain and fatigue49 studies, 16 as a primary outcome
  • Aging, frailty and exercise20 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Parkinson's disease12 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Sleep and sleep disorders11 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Depression and bipolar disorder10 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Stroke9 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Cancer7 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Healthy volunteers6 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Mild cognitive impairment4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Brain injury and concussion4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Substance use and addiction2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 130, NIH 2, other 437. Interventional 464, observational 105.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcome

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07898371Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants3,000Lead sponsorIndustryStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingSecondary3 years
NCT07893925Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants38Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary8 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary8 weeks
NCT07889271Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants300Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingPrimary
NCT07880418Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary5 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary5 weeks
NCT07878702Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestSecondary7 weeks
NCT07868887Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingOther outcome12 months
NCT07852156Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosis, Pain and fatigueParticipants42Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingSecondary2 weeks
NCT07842302Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosis, Pain and fatigueParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Symbol CodingPrimary6 months
  • Paced Visual Serial Addition TestSecondary6 months
  • Selective Reminding TaskSecondary6 months
NCT07840924Start2024PhasePhase 2ConditionsMultiple sclerosis, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants16Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Sentence Copy Speed TaskSecondary4 months
NCT07827716Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingSecondary12 months
  • Paced Visual Serial Addition TestSecondary12 months
NCT07805850Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingPrimary3 weeks
NCT07804264Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingPrimary4 weeks
NCT07788859Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimarysame day
NCT07786987Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsMultiple sclerosis, Pain and fatigueParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingSecondarysame day
NCT07783074Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsMultiple sclerosis, Healthy volunteers, COVID-19 and long COVID, Pain and fatigueParticipants122Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingSecondary9 weeks
  • Finger Tapping TaskPrimary9 weeks
NCT07766213Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsMultiple sclerosis, Pain and fatigueParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondarysame day
  • Symbol CodingSecondarysame day
NCT07759115Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants64Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary4 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary4 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary4 weeks
NCT07753928Start2022PhaseObservationalConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants2,400Lead sponsorIndustryStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingOther outcome
NCT07738120Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosis, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingPrimarysame day
NCT07734675Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants130Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary2 years
  • Verbal LearningPrimary2 years
  • Symbol CodingPrimary2 years
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary2 years
  • Paced Visual Serial Addition TestPrimary2 years
  • Cancellation TestPrimary2 years
  • Selective Reminding TaskPrimary2 years
NCT07710742Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosis, Pain and fatigueParticipants51Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 weeks
NCT07680738Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosis, Pain and fatigueParticipants38Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary4 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary4 weeks
NCT07666958Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosis, Pain and fatigueParticipants45Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingSecondary9 weeks
NCT07640100Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants45Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Paced Visual Serial Addition TestSecondary8 weeks
NCT07631143Start2026PhasePhase 1/2ConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants9Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingSecondary5 weeks

Page 1 of 23

Questions, answered from the data

Which cognitive test do multiple sclerosis trials use most?

Symbol Coding: 375 of the 612 registered studies name it in an outcome measure, 61%. Next come the Paced Visual Serial Addition Test (169) and Verbal Learning (139).

Which cognitive test do multiple sclerosis trials use most as a primary outcome?

Symbol Coding, named in a primary outcome by 93 studies. 197 of the 612 studies, 32%, name a cognitive test in a primary outcome.

How many participants does a phase 2 multiple sclerosis trial enroll?

Half of the phase 2 multiple sclerosis studies enroll 60 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 35 to 108. 57 of them give a size.

How long after the start do multiple sclerosis trials measure a cognitive outcome?

Half of the primary outcomes that name a library test are measured within 13 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 6 weeks to 12 months. 285 primary outcomes give a duration.

Which cognitive tests do multiple sclerosis trials use together?

Symbol Coding with Verbal Learning most often: 107 studies name both. Next, the Paced Visual Serial Addition Test with Symbol Coding (66).

How many completed multiple sclerosis trials have reported results?

137 of the 299 completed multiple sclerosis studies, 46%, have reported results: 79 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 106 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 48 did both. The other 162 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

Other conditions

  • Pain and fatigue54 shared
  • Aging, frailty and exercise23 shared
  • Parkinson's disease18 shared
  • Stroke15 shared
  • Sleep and sleep disorders12 shared
  • Depression and bipolar disorder11 shared
  • Cancer7 shared
  • Healthy volunteers7 shared
  • Brain injury and concussion7 shared
  • Mild cognitive impairment4 shared
  • COVID-19 and long COVID4 shared
  • Dementia and Alzheimer's3 shared
  • Substance use and addiction3 shared
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD2 shared
  • Epilepsy2 shared
  • Cardiovascular disease1 shared
  • Delirium, surgery and intensive care1 shared
  • Lung disease1 shared
  • Schizophrenia and psychosis640 studies
  • Obesity and diabetes627 studies
  • ADHD357 studies
  • Cognitive impairment and decline354 studies
  • Hearing loss247 studies
  • Autism200 studies

All 16,361 registered studies, by test, condition, phase and year.

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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