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  5. /Cancellation Test

Clinical trials data

Cancellation Test in clinical trials: 253 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names the Cancellation Test in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
253
Name it in a primary outcome, 40%
102 of 253
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.7% in 2016 to 2020
1.4%
By year
Median participants per study
59
By phase
Try the Cancellation Test

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Stroke75 studies, 27 as a primary outcome

  2. Dementia and Alzheimer's42 studies, 12 as a primary outcome

  3. Brain injury and concussion17 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  4. Depression and bipolar disorder15 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  5. Aging, frailty and exercise9 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  6. Healthy volunteers8 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  7. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD7 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  8. Schizophrenia and psychosis6 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  9. Obesity and diabetes6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  10. Mild cognitive impairment5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  11. ADHD5 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  12. Cancer5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  13. Sleep and sleep disorders5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  14. Pain and fatigue5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  15. Parkinson's disease3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  16. Cognitive impairment and decline3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  17. Cardiovascular disease3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  18. Substance use and addiction2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  19. COVID-19 and long COVID2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  20. Multiple sclerosis1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  21. Autism1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  22. Hearing loss1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  23. Epilepsy1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  24. Other conditions57 studies, 30 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

The Cancellation Test is a primary outcome in 40% of its studies. Across the 18 attention tests with a page here, the median is 41%.
  1. Eriksen Flanker Task53% of 334 studies

  2. Oddball Target Detection47% of 86 studies

  3. Sustained Attention to Response46% of 85 studies

  4. Dot-Probe Task43% of 148 studies

  5. Rapid Visual Information Processing42% of 204 studies

  6. Continuous Performance Test42% of 638 studies

  7. Attention Network Test41% of 138 studies

  8. Choice Reaction Time40% of 270 studies

  9. Cancellation Test40% of 253 studies

  10. Psychomotor Vigilance Task39% of 395 studies

  11. Contrast Sensitivity Test35% of 119 studies

  12. Line Angle Matching30% of 69 studies

Studies by start year

1.4% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.7% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 5 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 4 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 8 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 6 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 5 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 7 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 10 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 16 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 16 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 12 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 18 studies, 12 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 15 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 25 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 16 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 18 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 22 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 20 studies, 9 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 21 studies, 9 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200311
200400
200511
200630
200710
200830
200951
201042
201185
201263
201353
201471
2015105
2016167
2017162
2018126
20191812
2020155
2021257
2022168
2023188
2024227
2025209
2026219

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 11 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 13 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/24 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 228 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/33 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 319 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 43 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable161 studies, 73 as a primary outcome
  • Observational31 studies, 15 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

1020501002005001,000
  • Phase 2247 median, 87 to 357
  • Phase 3503 median, 311 to 1,213
  • Not applicable42 median, 26 to 84
  • Observational60 median, 44 to 190
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names the Cancellation Test, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Phase 22824787 to 357
Phase 319503311 to 1,213
Not applicable1574226 to 84
Observational316044 to 190

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Cancellation Test are measured within 8 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 2 weeks to 6 months. 92 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day27 outcomes, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks44 outcomes, 23 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months74 outcomes, 25 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months35 outcomes, 13 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months23 outcomes, 10 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years24 outcomes, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years6 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given20 outcomes, 10 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

233 of the 253 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting30 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting17 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting11 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Completed126 studies, 60 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early31 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown38 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral73 studies, 36 as a primary outcome
  • Drug57 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Device46 studies, 17 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement8 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure8 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Biological2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Radiation1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other70 studies, 28 as a primary outcome
  • None given12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States67 studies, 19 as a primary outcome
  • Italy33 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • France32 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Canada29 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Spain26 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Germany25 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Türkiye25 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom21 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Belgium19 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Australia17 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Japan16 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark14 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

60 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 14 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name the Cancellation Test: 50 of 126, 40%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name the Cancellation Test and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name the Cancellation TestEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper16, 13%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only8, 6%1,139, 14%
A results paper only26, 21%1,711, 22%
Neither76, 60%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming the Cancellation Test name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Digit Span Test47 studies, 21 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Trail Making Test47 studies, 18 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Verbal Fluency44 studies, 18 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Line Bisection Test39 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Stroop Color-Word Test35 studies, 15 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Delayed Recall Module33 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Symbol Coding22 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Verbal Learning21 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Category Fluency18 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Complex Figure Copy and Recall13 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for the Cancellation Test and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Cancellation Test253 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Digit Span Test1,619 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Trail Making Test2,281 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Verbal Fluency1,737 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearCancellation TestDigit Span TestTrail Making TestVerbal Fluency
20000321
20010201
20020133
20031484
200404109
2005171419
200634149
20071142122
20083191718
20095222929
20104373229
20118264736
20126364434
20135446058
20147496659
201510798579
2016166910385
2017168212293
20181285117107
201918110155121
2020159012290
202125122172131
202216121188123
202318164228147
202422141211130
202520147210167
202621137201133

Explore the 253 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestThe Cancellation Test

253 studies match. 102 name the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome. Median size 59 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 8 weeks.

Loading 253 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
01020302000: 0 studies, 0 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2003: 1 studies, 1 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2005: 1 studies, 1 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome20052006: 3 studies, 0 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2007: 1 studies, 0 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2008: 3 studies, 0 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2009: 5 studies, 1 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2010: 4 studies, 2 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome20102011: 8 studies, 5 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2012: 6 studies, 3 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2013: 5 studies, 3 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2014: 7 studies, 1 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2015: 10 studies, 5 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome20152016: 16 studies, 7 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2017: 16 studies, 2 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2018: 12 studies, 6 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2019: 18 studies, 12 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2020: 15 studies, 5 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome20202021: 25 studies, 7 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2022: 16 studies, 8 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2023: 18 studies, 8 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2024: 22 studies, 7 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome2025: 20 studies, 9 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome20252026: 21 studies, 9 naming the Cancellation Test in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200311
200400
200511
200630
200710
200830
200951
201042
201185
201263
201353
201471
2015105
2016167
2017162
2018126
20191812
2020155
2021257
2022168
2023188
2024227
2025209
2026219

Library tests named most

  • Cancellation Test253 studies, 102 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test47 studies, 21 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test47 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Fluency44 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Line Bisection Test39 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test35 studies, 15 as a primary outcome
  • Delayed Recall Module33 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding22 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning21 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Category Fluency18 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 44, NIH 1, other 208. Interventional 222, observational 31.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeThe Cancellation Test

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07894809Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Cancellation TestSecondary8 weeks
NCT07863362Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHDParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary13 weeks
  • Cancellation TestPrimary13 weeks
NCT07837310Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants10Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Cancellation TestPrimary6 months
NCT07819266Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants42Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Cancellation TestSecondary4 weeks
NCT07810595Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteers, Aging, frailty and exercise, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants48Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Cancellation TestSecondary6 weeks
NCT07809412Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary1 week
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary1 week
  • Digit Span TestPrimary1 week
  • Cancellation TestPrimary1 week
  • Line Angle MatchingPrimary1 week
NCT07755839Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Cancer, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Cancellation TestSecondary6 months
NCT07747181Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants135Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary13 weeks
  • Short Story RecallSecondary13 weeks
  • Cancellation TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Delayed Recall ModuleSecondary13 weeks
NCT07734675Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants130Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary2 years
  • Verbal LearningPrimary2 years
  • Symbol CodingPrimary2 years
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary2 years
  • Paced Visual Serial Addition TestPrimary2 years
  • Cancellation TestPrimary2 years
  • Selective Reminding TaskPrimary2 years
NCT07726732Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants300Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary15 months
  • Cancellation TestPrimary9 months
NCT07690709Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants78Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimary9 weeks
  • Cancellation TestPrimary9 weeks
NCT07665333Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Pain and fatigueParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary12 weeks
  • Cancellation TestSecondary12 weeks
NCT07660822Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants10Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Cancellation TestPrimary8 weeks
NCT07658404Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants78Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Digit Span TestPrimary14 weeks
  • Cancellation TestPrimary14 weeks
NCT07633899Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants32Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondarysame day
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondarysame day
  • Digit Span TestSecondarysame day
  • Cancellation TestSecondarysame day
NCT07628686Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary12 months
  • Short Story RecallSecondary12 months
  • Cancellation TestSecondary12 months
NCT07625566Start2021PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants32Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Cancellation TestPrimary
NCT07589855Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants6Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Cancellation TestPrimarysame day
NCT07586566Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsStroke, Brain injury and concussionParticipants15Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestPrimary3 weeks
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimary3 weeks
  • Cancellation TestPrimary3 weeks
NCT07553039Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants28Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Cancellation TestPrimary4 weeks
NCT07538076Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsStrokeParticipants105Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Cancellation TestPrimary
  • Line Bisection TestPrimary
NCT07507383Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants18Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Cancellation TestSecondary
  • Line Bisection TestPrimary
NCT07484711Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants53Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Cancellation TestSecondary8 weeks
NCT07480122Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsStrokeParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Cancellation TestPrimary
  • Line Bisection TestPrimary
NCT07463755Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsParkinson's diseaseParticipants36Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary4 weeks
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary4 weeks
  • Cancellation TestSecondary4 weeks

Page 1 of 11

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use the Cancellation Test?

253 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 102 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use the Cancellation Test?

Most often in stroke (75), dementia and Alzheimer's disease (42) and brain injury and concussion (17).

Do new trials use the Cancellation Test more or less?

1.4% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.7% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 17% smaller.

Which tests do trials use with the Cancellation Test?

The Digit Span Test (47 studies), the Trail Making Test (47 studies) and Verbal Fluency (44 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 trials that use the Cancellation Test enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 247 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 87 to 357. 28 of them give a size.

When do trials measure the Cancellation Test?

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Cancellation Test are measured within 8 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 2 weeks to 6 months. 92 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use the Cancellation Test have reported results?

50 of the 126 completed studies that name it, 40%, have reported results: 24 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 42 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 16 did both. The other 76 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Cancellation Test: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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