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    1. Verbal Fluency TestGradeA
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    16,361Registered studies name a cognitive test in an outcome measure11,688 name a test you can run hereExplore the studies
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  1. Home
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  5. /Category Fluency

Clinical trials data

Category Fluency in clinical trials: 623 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Category Fluency in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
623
Name it in a primary outcome, 37%
232 of 623
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 3.9% in 2016 to 2020
3.8%
By year
Median participants per study
77
By phase
Try Category Fluency

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Dementia and Alzheimer's167 studies, 50 as a primary outcome

  2. Mild cognitive impairment92 studies, 39 as a primary outcome

  3. Aging, frailty and exercise48 studies, 26 as a primary outcome

  4. Schizophrenia and psychosis46 studies, 13 as a primary outcome

  5. Parkinson's disease44 studies, 13 as a primary outcome

  6. Depression and bipolar disorder41 studies, 13 as a primary outcome

  7. Stroke33 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

  8. Cardiovascular disease30 studies, 13 as a primary outcome

  9. Obesity and diabetes27 studies, 15 as a primary outcome

  10. Cancer26 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

  11. Brain injury and concussion22 studies, 12 as a primary outcome

  12. Cognitive impairment and decline22 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

  13. Pain and fatigue16 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  14. Sleep and sleep disorders15 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  15. COVID-19 and long COVID14 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  16. Delirium, surgery and intensive care13 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  17. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD12 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  18. Healthy volunteers11 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  19. Multiple sclerosis10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  20. Substance use and addiction6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  21. ADHD4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  22. Hearing loss4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  23. Huntington's disease4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  24. Autism3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  25. Epilepsy3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  26. Lung disease1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  27. Other conditions68 studies, 17 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

Category Fluency is a primary outcome in 37% of its studies. Across the 15 episodic memory tests with a page here, the median is 41%.
  1. Face-name Memory Task53% of 51 studies

  2. Selective Reminding Task49% of 183 studies

  3. Mnemonic Similarity Task42% of 62 studies

  4. Short Story Recall41% of 315 studies

  5. Hidden Path Learning41% of 66 studies

  6. Verbal Learning39% of 1,832 studies

  7. Complex Figure Copy and Recall39% of 276 studies

  8. Category Fluency37% of 623 studies

  9. Picture Order Memory Test35% of 144 studies

  10. Delayed Recall Module35% of 159 studies

  11. Paired Associate Learning34% of 204 studies

  12. Delayed Match-to-Sample32% of 69 studies

Studies by start year

3.8% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 3.9% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 4 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 5 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 7 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 6 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 11 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 17 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 19 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 21 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 25 studies, 9 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 30 studies, 11 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 28 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 34 studies, 13 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 41 studies, 19 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 42 studies, 17 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 64 studies, 32 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 54 studies, 18 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 58 studies, 24 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 32 studies, 10 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 60 studies, 21 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 48 studies, 15 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200120
200200
200310
200440
200552
200620
200741
200873
200931
201060
2011117
2012178
2013197
2014215
2015259
20163011
2017288
20183413
20194119
20204217
20216432
20225418
20235824
20243210
20256021
20264815

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 17 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 119 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/28 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2105 studies, 32 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/310 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 328 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 419 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable334 studies, 143 as a primary outcome
  • Observational93 studies, 43 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

1020501002005001,000
  • Phase 130 median, 15 to 48
  • Phase 290 median, 46 to 135
  • Phase 2/386 median, 63 to 171
  • Phase 3345 median, 114 to 1,010
  • Phase 4102 median, 31 to 195
  • Not applicable61 median, 35 to 120
  • Observational148 median, 52 to 400
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names Category Fluency, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Phase 1173015 to 48
Phase 21029046 to 135
Phase 2/3108663 to 171
Phase 328345114 to 1,010
Phase 41810231 to 195
Not applicable3276135 to 120
Observational8914852 to 400

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Category Fluency are measured within 15 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 7 weeks to 7 months. 218 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day45 outcomes, 22 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks59 outcomes, 22 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months154 outcomes, 62 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months144 outcomes, 56 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months81 outcomes, 22 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years61 outcomes, 19 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years48 outcomes, 15 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given30 outcomes, 14 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

592 of the 622 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting143 studies, 42 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting26 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting42 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Completed285 studies, 115 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early54 studies, 20 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown73 studies, 30 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral157 studies, 76 as a primary outcome
  • Drug183 studies, 40 as a primary outcome
  • Device106 studies, 43 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement30 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure12 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Biological14 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Radiation7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Genetic1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Other152 studies, 60 as a primary outcome
  • None given43 studies, 26 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States261 studies, 102 as a primary outcome
  • Spain68 studies, 29 as a primary outcome
  • Canada53 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Italy45 studies, 16 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom42 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Germany35 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Taiwan35 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • China31 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands30 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • France28 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Australia26 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Türkiye18 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

70 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 37 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name Category Fluency: 169 of 285, 59%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name Category Fluency and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name Category FluencyEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper52, 18%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only52, 18%1,139, 14%
A results paper only65, 23%1,711, 22%
Neither116, 41%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming Category Fluency name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Verbal Fluency335 studies, 133 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Trail Making Test285 studies, 111 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Digit Span Test248 studies, 96 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Verbal Learning219 studies, 101 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Symbol Coding142 studies, 69 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Picture Naming Test127 studies, 55 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Stroop Color-Word Test123 studies, 53 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Short Story Recall93 studies, 48 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Complex Figure Copy and Recall55 studies, 17 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Continuous Performance Test50 studies, 18 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for Category Fluency and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Category Fluency618 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Verbal Fluency1,737 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Trail Making Test2,281 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Digit Span Test1,619 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearCategory FluencyVerbal FluencyTrail Making TestDigit Span Test
20000123
20012102
20020331
20031484
200449104
2005519147
200629144
20074222114
20087181719
20093292922
20106293237
201111364726
201217344436
201319586044
201421596649
201525798579
2016308510369
2017289312282
20183410711785
201941121155110
2020429012290
202164131172122
202254123188121
202358147228164
202432130211141
202560167210147
202648133201137

Explore the 623 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestCategory Fluency

623 studies match. 232 name Category Fluency in a primary outcome. Median size 77 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 15 weeks.

Loading 623 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
0204060802000: 0 studies, 0 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome20002001: 2 studies, 0 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2003: 1 studies, 0 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2004: 4 studies, 0 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2005: 5 studies, 2 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome20052006: 2 studies, 0 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2007: 4 studies, 1 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2008: 7 studies, 3 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2009: 3 studies, 1 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2010: 6 studies, 0 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome20102011: 11 studies, 7 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2012: 17 studies, 8 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2013: 19 studies, 7 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2014: 21 studies, 5 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2015: 25 studies, 9 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome20152016: 30 studies, 11 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2017: 28 studies, 8 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2018: 34 studies, 13 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2019: 41 studies, 19 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2020: 42 studies, 17 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome20202021: 64 studies, 32 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2022: 54 studies, 18 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2023: 58 studies, 24 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2024: 32 studies, 10 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome2025: 60 studies, 21 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome20252026: 48 studies, 15 naming Category Fluency in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 1 that started before 2000 and 4 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200120
200200
200310
200440
200552
200620
200741
200873
200931
201060
2011117
2012178
2013197
2014215
2015259
20163011
2017288
20183413
20194119
20204217
20216432
20225418
20235824
20243210
20256021
20264815

Library tests named most

  • Category Fluency623 studies, 232 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Fluency335 studies, 133 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test285 studies, 111 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test248 studies, 96 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning219 studies, 101 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding142 studies, 69 as a primary outcome
  • Picture Naming Test127 studies, 55 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test123 studies, 53 as a primary outcome
  • Short Story Recall93 studies, 48 as a primary outcome
  • Complex Figure Copy and Recall55 studies, 17 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 76, NIH 2, other 545. Interventional 530, observational 93.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeCategory Fluency

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07882251Start2021PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer'sParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary5 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary5 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary5 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary5 weeks
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallPrimary5 weeks
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestPrimary5 weeks
  • Line Angle MatchingPrimary5 weeks
NCT07882108Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsParkinson's disease, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants72Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Category FluencyOther outcome12 weeks
NCT07855874Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants300Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Category FluencyPrimary6 months
NCT07842146Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairmentParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary11 months
  • Symbol CodingSecondary11 months
  • Category FluencySecondary11 months
  • Delayed Recall ModuleSecondary11 months
NCT07839650Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer'sParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary6 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary6 months
  • Category FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Task Switching TestPrimary6 months
  • Face-name Memory TaskPrimary6 months
NCT07792850Start2027PhaseNot applicableConditionsPain and fatigueParticipants625Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Category FluencySecondary11 months
NCT07786116Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants215Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Category FluencyOther outcome18 months
NCT07777419Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsParkinson's diseaseParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondarysame day
  • Verbal FluencyPrimarysame day
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondarysame day
  • Category FluencyPrimarysame day
NCT07764913Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants66Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary6 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary6 weeks
NCT07761182Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary12 months
  • Category FluencySecondary12 months
  • Simple Reaction TimeSecondary12 months
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondary12 months
NCT07755332Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants45Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary
  • Category FluencySecondary
NCT07729969Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants110Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary12 months
  • Category FluencySecondary12 months
  • Tower PlanningSecondary12 months
  • Symbol Scan TaskSecondary12 months
  • Delayed Match-to-SampleSecondary12 months
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningSecondary12 months
NCT07722169Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer'sParticipants48Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Category FluencySecondary13 weeks
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary13 weeks
  • Token Commands TaskSecondary13 weeks
NCT07717411Start2026PhasePhase 3ConditionsDementia and Alzheimer'sParticipants1,600Lead sponsorIndustryStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary4 years
  • Symbol CodingSecondary4 years
  • Category FluencySecondary4 years
  • Short Story RecallSecondary4 years
  • Selective Reminding TaskSecondary4 years
NCT07702994Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Lung diseaseParticipants210Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary13 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary13 weeks
NCT07702526Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants160Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary4 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary4 weeks
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimary4 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary4 weeks
  • Antisaccade TaskPrimary4 weeks
NCT07694596Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 months
  • Digit Span TestPrimary12 months
  • Symbol CodingPrimary12 months
  • Category FluencyPrimary12 months
NCT07692958Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCardiovascular diseaseParticipants160Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary6 months
  • Category FluencySecondary6 months
  • Symbol Scan TaskSecondary6 months
  • Balloon RiskSecondary6 months
  • Design Fluency TestSecondary6 months
  • Beads TaskSecondary6 months
NCT07678983Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsParkinson's diseaseParticipants66Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary8 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Category FluencySecondary8 weeks
NCT07668440Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCognitive impairment and declineParticipants71Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary13 weeks
  • Symbol CodingPrimary13 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary13 weeks
NCT07651085Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants65Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary
  • Category FluencyPrimary
  • Clock Drawing TaskPrimary
NCT07650318Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairment, Obesity and diabetesParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Category FluencySecondary6 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary6 months
  • Short Story RecallSecondary6 months
  • Delayed Recall ModuleSecondary6 months
NCT07642518Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairment, Obesity and diabetesParticipants38Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Category FluencySecondary6 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary6 months
  • Short Story RecallSecondary6 months
NCT07638813Start2026PhasePhase 1/2ConditionsDementia and Alzheimer'sParticipants33Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Category FluencySecondary6 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary6 months
NCT07631975Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants52Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Category FluencyPrimary

Page 1 of 25

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use Category Fluency?

623 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 232 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use Category Fluency?

Most often in dementia and Alzheimer's disease (167), mild cognitive impairment (92) and aging, frailty and exercise (48).

Do new trials use Category Fluency more or less?

3.8% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 3.9% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 3% smaller.

Which tests do trials use with Category Fluency?

Verbal Fluency (335 studies), the Trail Making Test (285 studies) and the Digit Span Test (248 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 trials that use Category Fluency enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 90 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 46 to 135. 102 of them give a size.

When do trials measure Category Fluency?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Category Fluency are measured within 15 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 7 weeks to 7 months. 218 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use Category Fluency have reported results?

169 of the 285 completed studies that name it, 59%, have reported results: 104 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 117 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 52 did both. The other 116 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Category Fluency: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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