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  5. /Balloon Risk

Clinical trials data

Balloon Risk in clinical trials: 105 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Balloon Risk in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
105
Name it in a primary outcome, 34%
36 of 105
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.9% in 2016 to 2020
0.6%
By year
Median participants per study
60
By phase
Try Balloon Risk

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Substance use and addiction34 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

  2. Sleep and sleep disorders22 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  3. Depression and bipolar disorder15 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  4. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD10 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  5. Healthy volunteers8 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  6. Schizophrenia and psychosis4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  7. ADHD4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  8. Cardiovascular disease3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  9. Obesity and diabetes2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  10. Dementia and Alzheimer's1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  11. Parkinson's disease1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  12. Cognitive impairment and decline1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  13. Aging, frailty and exercise1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  14. COVID-19 and long COVID1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  15. Other conditions20 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

Balloon Risk is a primary outcome in 34% of its studies. Across the 30 executive function tests with a page here, the median is 37%.
  1. Cue Reactivity Task56% of 188 studies

  2. Stroop Color-Word Test41% of 1,929 studies

  3. Tower Planning40% of 247 studies

  4. Task Switching Test40% of 334 studies

  5. Dimensional Change Card Sort38% of 214 studies

  6. Verbal Fluency37% of 1,745 studies

  7. Delay Discounting36% of 257 studies

  8. Clock Drawing Task35% of 281 studies

  9. Matrix Reasoning35% of 272 studies

  10. Balloon Risk34% of 105 studies

  11. Card Sorting Test (Berg)34% of 411 studies

  12. Trail Making Test31% of 2,293 studies

  13. AX Continuous Performance Test17% of 191 studies

Studies by start year

0.6% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.9% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 10 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 13 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 10 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 6 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 8 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 9 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 9 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 10 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 7 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 7 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200900
201010
201130
201210
201331
201431
201521
201620
2017101
2018133
2019107
202062
202185
202294
202394
2024103
202574
202670

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 13 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 14 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/21 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 27 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 31 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 43 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable80 studies, 29 as a primary outcome
  • Observational6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100
  • Not applicable61 median, 40 to 127
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names Balloon Risk, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable786140 to 127

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Balloon Risk are measured within 4 weeks of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 6 weeks. 29 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day16 outcomes, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks28 outcomes, 9 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months23 outcomes, 7 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months16 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months4 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years2 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years2 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given14 outcomes, 7 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

91 of the 105 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting16 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Completed55 studies, 20 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early8 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown20 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral41 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Drug19 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Device28 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Biological1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Radiation3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Other21 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States46 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • China11 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • France10 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Hong Kong9 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Canada5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Sweden5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Switzerland4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Germany3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Australia2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Italy2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Belgium1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Iran1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

16 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 3 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name Balloon Risk: 21 of 55, 38%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name Balloon Risk and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name Balloon RiskEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper2, 4%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only8, 15%1,139, 14%
A results paper only11, 20%1,711, 22%
Neither34, 62%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming Balloon Risk name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Go/No-Go Task30 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Stop-Signal Task21 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    N-Back Task20 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Delay Discounting20 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Psychomotor Vigilance Task16 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Symbol Coding13 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Stroop Color-Word Test12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Continuous Performance Test12 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Trail Making Test12 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Digit Span Test12 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for Balloon Risk and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Balloon Risk104 studies, 2000 to 2026
0501002000201020202026
Go/No-Go Task699 studies, 2000 to 2026
0501002000201020202026
Stop-Signal Task320 studies, 2000 to 2026
0501002000201020202026
N-Back Task787 studies, 2000 to 2026
0501002000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearBalloon RiskGo/No-Go TaskStop-Signal TaskN-Back Task
20000000
20010100
20020202
20030102
20040200
20050014
20060103
200701010
200804210
20090515
201018411
2011313220
2012113414
20133191123
20143221625
20152241225
20162341932
201710371851
201813403054
201910463759
20206321830
20218622170
20229602462
20239672971
202410643369
20257771767
20267642168

Explore the 105 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestBalloon Risk

105 studies match. 36 name Balloon Risk in a primary outcome. Median size 60 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 4 weeks.

Loading 105 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
0510152000: 0 studies, 0 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2010: 1 studies, 0 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome20102011: 3 studies, 0 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2012: 1 studies, 0 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2013: 3 studies, 1 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2014: 3 studies, 1 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2015: 2 studies, 1 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome20152016: 2 studies, 0 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2017: 10 studies, 1 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2018: 13 studies, 3 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2019: 10 studies, 7 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2020: 6 studies, 2 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome20202021: 8 studies, 5 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2022: 9 studies, 4 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2023: 9 studies, 4 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2024: 10 studies, 3 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome2025: 7 studies, 4 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome20252026: 7 studies, 0 naming Balloon Risk in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 1 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200900
201010
201130
201210
201331
201431
201521
201620
2017101
2018133
2019107
202062
202185
202294
202394
2024103
202574
202670

Library tests named most

  • Balloon Risk105 studies, 36 as a primary outcome
  • Go/No-Go Task30 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Stop-Signal Task21 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • N-Back Task20 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Delay Discounting20 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Psychomotor Vigilance Task16 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding13 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Continuous Performance Test12 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test12 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: other 105. Interventional 99, observational 6.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeBalloon Risk

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07873060Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary2 weeks
  • Balloon RiskSecondary2 weeks
  • Spatial N-Back TaskSecondary2 weeks
NCT07866794Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants135Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Balloon RiskSecondary14 weeks
  • Social Evaluation Learning TaskSecondary14 weeks
NCT07830056Start2025PhasePhase 4ConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants33Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskPrimary1 week
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary1 week
  • Psychomotor Vigilance TaskPrimary1 week
  • Task Switching TestPrimary1 week
  • Finger Tapping TaskPrimary1 week
  • Balloon RiskSecondary1 week
NCT07767617Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHD, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants150Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Continuous Performance TestSecondary6 months
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary6 months
  • AX Continuous Performance TestWording unclear
  • Balloon RiskSecondary4 weeks
  • Beads TaskSecondary6 months
NCT07692958Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCardiovascular diseaseParticipants160Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary6 months
  • Category FluencySecondary6 months
  • Symbol Scan TaskSecondary6 months
  • Balloon RiskSecondary6 months
  • Design Fluency TestSecondary6 months
  • Beads TaskSecondary6 months
NCT07689981Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Balloon RiskSecondary
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningSecondary
NCT07399964Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants124Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary6 months
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary6 months
  • Balloon RiskSecondary6 months
  • Posner CueingSecondary6 months
NCT07364929Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingPrimary
  • Psychomotor Vigilance TaskPrimary
  • Balloon RiskPrimary
  • Oddball Target DetectionPrimary
  • Time Estimation TaskPrimary
NCT07309302Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants64Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary5 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary5 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary5 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary5 months
  • Symbol CodingPrimary5 months
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimary5 months
  • Category FluencyPrimary5 months
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimary5 months
  • Balloon RiskPrimary5 months
  • Emotional Stroop TaskPrimary5 months
  • Visual Search TestPrimary5 months
  • Serial Naming TaskPrimary5 months
NCT07228182Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary
  • Balloon RiskSecondary
NCT07227545Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants18Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Balloon RiskSecondary2 weeks
NCT07171359Start2027PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary4 weeks
  • Balloon RiskSecondary4 weeks
NCT07152925Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Cue Reactivity TaskPrimary1 week
  • Balloon RiskPrimary1 week
NCT06696365Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants2Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondarysame day
  • Cue Reactivity TaskPrimarysame day
  • Balloon RiskSecondarysame day
NCT06691243Start2025PhasePhase 2ConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Balloon RiskSecondary16 weeks
NCT06635161Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants75Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary4 weeks
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary4 weeks
  • Balloon RiskPrimary4 weeks
NCT06446427Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingSecondarysame day
  • Psychomotor Vigilance TaskSecondarysame day
  • Balloon RiskSecondarysame day
NCT06376734Start2025PhasePhase 2ConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Depression and bipolar disorder, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants180Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Balloon RiskPrimary13 weeks
  • Effort for Rewards TaskPrimary13 weeks
NCT06312956Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants65Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary3 weeks
  • Tower PlanningPrimary3 weeks
  • Selective Reminding TaskPrimary3 weeks
  • Balloon RiskPrimary3 weeks
NCT06279273Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Balloon RiskPrimary2 weeks
  • Hidden Path LearningSecondary2 weeks
NCT06274567Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants136Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Balloon RiskSecondary4 weeks
  • Multi-Source Interference TaskSecondary4 weeks
NCT06260254Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetes, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants23Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingSecondary
  • N-Back TaskSecondary
  • Psychomotor Vigilance TaskSecondary
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary
  • Balloon RiskSecondary
NCT06242704Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants72Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary13 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingPrimary13 weeks
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskSecondary13 weeks
  • Balloon RiskSecondary13 weeks
NCT06195995Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary13 weeks
  • Balloon RiskSecondary13 weeks
NCT06054243Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsSleep and sleep disorders, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants137Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • N-Back TaskSecondary6 months
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary6 months
  • Balloon RiskSecondary6 months

Page 1 of 5

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use Balloon Risk?

105 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 36 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use Balloon Risk?

Most often in substance use and addiction (34), sleep and sleep disorders (22) and depression and bipolar disorder (15).

Do new trials use Balloon Risk more or less?

0.6% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.9% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 34% smaller.

Which tests do trials use with Balloon Risk?

The Go/No-Go Task (30 studies), the Stop-Signal Task (21 studies) and the N-Back Task (20 studies).

When do trials measure Balloon Risk?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Balloon Risk are measured within 4 weeks of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 6 weeks. 29 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use Balloon Risk have reported results?

21 of the 55 completed studies that name it, 38%, have reported results: 10 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 13 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 2 did both. The other 34 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Balloon Risk: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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