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    16,361Registered studies name a cognitive test in an outcome measure11,688 name a test you can run hereExplore the studies
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  5. /Stop-Signal Task

Clinical trials data

Stop-Signal Task in clinical trials: 321 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names the Stop-Signal Task in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
321
Name it in a primary outcome, 46%
147 of 321
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 2.7% in 2016 to 2020
1.8%
By year
Median participants per study
60
By phase
Try the Stop-Signal Task

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.

  1. Substance use and addiction92 studies, 42 as a primary outcome

  2. ADHD49 studies, 25 as a primary outcome

  3. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD29 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

  4. Obesity and diabetes24 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  5. Depression and bipolar disorder19 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

  6. Sleep and sleep disorders14 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  7. Parkinson's disease10 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  8. Healthy volunteers10 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  9. Autism9 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  10. Pain and fatigue9 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  11. Aging, frailty and exercise7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  12. Cardiovascular disease6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  13. Dementia and Alzheimer's5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  14. Schizophrenia and psychosis5 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  15. Brain injury and concussion4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  16. Cancer4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  17. Mild cognitive impairment2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  18. Lung disease2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  19. Stroke1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  20. Cognitive impairment and decline1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  21. COVID-19 and long COVID1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  22. Epilepsy1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  23. Other conditions74 studies, 39 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

The Stop-Signal Task is a primary outcome in 46% of its studies. Across the 4 response inhibition tests with a page here, the median is 45%.

  1. Antisaccade Task60% of 68 studies

  2. Stop-Signal Task46% of 321 studies

  3. Go/No-Go Task44% of 702 studies

  4. Affective Go/No-Go38% of 48 studies

Studies by start year

1.8% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 2.7% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 11 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 16 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 12 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 19 studies, 12 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 18 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 30 studies, 13 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 37 studies, 16 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 18 studies, 12 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 21 studies, 12 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 24 studies, 10 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 29 studies, 18 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 33 studies, 12 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 17 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 21 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200511
200600
200700
200821
200910
201041
201121
201241
2013115
2014166
2015126
20161912
2017187
20183013
20193716
20201812
20212112
20222410
20232918
20243312
2025176
2026216

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 18 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 16 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/23 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 222 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/31 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 33 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 413 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable223 studies, 99 as a primary outcome
  • Observational42 studies, 27 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200
  • Phase 262 median, 33 to 81
  • Phase 466 median, 46 to 80
  • Not applicable60 median, 32 to 114
  • Observational99 median, 44 to 199
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names the Stop-Signal Task, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Phase 2206233 to 81
Phase 4136646 to 80
Not applicable2216032 to 114
Observational429944 to 199

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Stop-Signal Task are measured within 4 weeks of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 12 weeks. 129 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day71 outcomes, 42 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks74 outcomes, 31 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months81 outcomes, 30 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months36 outcomes, 13 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months18 outcomes, 6 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years6 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years6 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given29 outcomes, 18 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

292 of the 321 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting64 studies, 25 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting9 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Completed160 studies, 86 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early20 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown56 studies, 22 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral107 studies, 52 as a primary outcome
  • Drug66 studies, 27 as a primary outcome
  • Device79 studies, 25 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement18 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test5 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Biological2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Genetic1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Other62 studies, 28 as a primary outcome
  • None given18 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States125 studies, 66 as a primary outcome
  • China33 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Germany23 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Canada18 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • France15 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom14 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands13 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Belgium10 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Hong Kong7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Norway7 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Switzerland6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

34 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 19 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name the Stop-Signal Task: 66 of 160, 41%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name the Stop-Signal Task and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name the Stop-Signal TaskEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper13, 8%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only24, 15%1,139, 14%
A results paper only29, 18%1,711, 22%
Neither94, 59%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming the Stop-Signal Task name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Go/No-Go Task42 studies, 26 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    N-Back Task40 studies, 26 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Stroop Color-Word Test36 studies, 25 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Delay Discounting28 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Digit Span Test23 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Continuous Performance Test23 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Trail Making Test21 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Balloon Risk21 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Rapid Visual Information Processing20 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Cue Reactivity Task18 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for the Stop-Signal Task and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Stop-Signal Task320 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Go/No-Go Task699 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
N-Back Task787 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Stroop Color-Word Test1,922 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearStop-Signal TaskGo/No-Go TaskN-Back TaskStroop Color-Word Test
20000003
20010103
20020225
20030122
20040208
200510411
20060136
2007011013
2008241015
200915516
2010481129
20112132031
20124131432
201311192342
201416222564
201512242567
201619343285
201718375179
2018304054103
2019374659119
202018323099
2021216270151
2022246062168
2023296771198
2024336469182
2025177767198
2026216468193

Explore the 321 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestThe Stop-Signal Task

321 studies match. 147 name the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome. Median size 60 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 4 weeks.

Loading 321 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
0102030402000: 0 studies, 0 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2005: 1 studies, 1 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2008: 2 studies, 1 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2009: 1 studies, 0 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2010: 4 studies, 1 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome20102011: 2 studies, 1 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2012: 4 studies, 1 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2013: 11 studies, 5 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2014: 16 studies, 6 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2015: 12 studies, 6 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome20152016: 19 studies, 12 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2017: 18 studies, 7 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2018: 30 studies, 13 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2019: 37 studies, 16 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2020: 18 studies, 12 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome20202021: 21 studies, 12 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2022: 24 studies, 10 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2023: 29 studies, 18 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2024: 33 studies, 12 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome2025: 17 studies, 6 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome20252026: 21 studies, 6 naming the Stop-Signal Task in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 1 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200511
200600
200700
200821
200910
201041
201121
201241
2013115
2014166
2015126
20161912
2017187
20183013
20193716
20201812
20212112
20222410
20232918
20243312
2025176
2026216

Library tests named most

  • Stop-Signal Task321 studies, 147 as a primary outcome
  • Go/No-Go Task42 studies, 26 as a primary outcome
  • N-Back Task40 studies, 26 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test36 studies, 25 as a primary outcome
  • Delay Discounting28 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test23 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Continuous Performance Test23 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test21 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Balloon Risk21 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Rapid Visual Information Processing20 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 18, NIH 1, other 302. Interventional 279, observational 42.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeThe Stop-Signal Task

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07883096Start2027PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants176Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimary3 weeks
NCT07846007Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsParkinson's diseaseParticipants15Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimarysame day
NCT07843615Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimary4 weeks
NCT07818733Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondarysame day
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimarysame day
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondarysame day
NCT07802223Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary4 weeks
NCT07795554Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary6 weeks
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary6 weeks
  • Cue Reactivity TaskSecondary
NCT07775807Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants5Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondarysame day
  • Cue Reactivity TaskPrimary
NCT07770035Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants196Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestPrimary12 years
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimary12 years
  • Spatial Working MemoryPrimary12 years
  • Delayed Match-to-SamplePrimary12 years
NCT07767617Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHD, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants150Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Continuous Performance TestSecondary6 months
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary6 months
  • AX Continuous Performance TestWording unclear
  • Balloon RiskSecondary4 weeks
  • Beads TaskSecondary6 months
NCT07716072Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHD, AutismParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary12 weeks
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftSecondary12 weeks
NCT07713641Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants56Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondarysame day
  • N-Back TaskSecondarysame day
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondarysame day
  • Task Switching TestSecondarysame day
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondarysame day
NCT07702929Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsParkinson's diseaseParticipants48Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimary4 weeks
  • Choice Reaction TimePrimary4 weeks
  • Simple Reaction TimePrimary4 weeks
NCT07695246Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants183Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskSecondary6 months
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary6 months
  • Psychomotor Vigilance TaskSecondary6 months
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary6 months
NCT07620249Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskPrimary5 weeks
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary5 weeks
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimary5 weeks
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestPrimary5 weeks
NCT07565402Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHDParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary10 weeks
NCT07541820Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHDParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskOther outcome
NCT07503275Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimarysame day
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimarysame day
  • Sentence Completion Inhibition TestSecondarysame day
NCT07486804Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants90Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimarysame day
  • Delay DiscountingPrimarysame day
  • Dot-Probe TaskPrimarysame day
NCT07442058Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHDParticipants35Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary6 weeks
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary6 weeks
NCT07417059Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants21Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondarysame day
  • Symbol CodingSecondarysame day
  • Category FluencySecondarysame day
  • Psychomotor Vigilance TaskSecondarysame day
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondarysame day
NCT07407426Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants32Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimarysame day
NCT07319117Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Sleep and sleep disorders, Anxiety, PTSD and OCD, Pain and fatigue, Cardiovascular diseaseParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestPrimary
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimary
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingPrimary
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftPrimary
NCT07228182Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary
  • Balloon RiskSecondary
NCT07227545Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants18Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Balloon RiskSecondary2 weeks
NCT07203339Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsPain and fatigueParticipants610Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary8 weeks
  • Symbol Scan TaskSecondary8 weeks

Page 1 of 13

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use the Stop-Signal Task?

321 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 147 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use the Stop-Signal Task?

Most often in substance use and addiction (92), ADHD (49) and anxiety, PTSD and OCD (29).

Do new trials use the Stop-Signal Task more or less?

1.8% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 2.7% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 36% smaller.

Which tests do trials use with the Stop-Signal Task?

The Go/No-Go Task (42 studies), the N-Back Task (40 studies) and the Stroop Color-Word Test (36 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 trials that use the Stop-Signal Task enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 62 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 33 to 81. 20 of them give a size.

When do trials measure the Stop-Signal Task?

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Stop-Signal Task are measured within 4 weeks of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 12 weeks. 129 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use the Stop-Signal Task have reported results?

66 of the 160 completed studies that name it, 41%, have reported results: 37 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 42 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 13 did both. The other 94 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Stop-Signal Task: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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