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  5. /Card Sorting Test (Berg)

Clinical trials data

Card Sorting Test (Berg) in clinical trials: 411 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
411
Name it in a primary outcome, 34%
139 of 411
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 2.6% in 2016 to 2020
2.4%
By year
Median participants per study
63
By phase
Try the Card Sorting Test (Berg)

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Depression and bipolar disorder65 studies, 16 as a primary outcome

  2. Schizophrenia and psychosis50 studies, 15 as a primary outcome

  3. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD29 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  4. Substance use and addiction27 studies, 13 as a primary outcome

  5. Parkinson's disease23 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  6. Aging, frailty and exercise23 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  7. Sleep and sleep disorders21 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  8. Healthy volunteers18 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  9. Brain injury and concussion17 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  10. Autism17 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  11. Mild cognitive impairment15 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  12. ADHD15 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  13. Stroke13 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  14. Dementia and Alzheimer's12 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  15. Obesity and diabetes11 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  16. Pain and fatigue11 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  17. Cancer10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  18. Cardiovascular disease10 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  19. Cognitive impairment and decline8 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  20. Epilepsy5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  21. Multiple sclerosis3 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  22. Delirium, surgery and intensive care2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  23. COVID-19 and long COVID1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  24. Hearing loss1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  25. Lung disease1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  26. Other conditions73 studies, 29 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

The Card Sorting Test (Berg) is a primary outcome in 34% of its studies. Across the 30 executive function tests with a page here, the median is 37%.
  1. Cue Reactivity Task56% of 188 studies

  2. Stroop Color-Word Test41% of 1,929 studies

  3. Tower Planning40% of 247 studies

  4. Task Switching Test40% of 334 studies

  5. Dimensional Change Card Sort38% of 214 studies

  6. Verbal Fluency37% of 1,745 studies

  7. Delay Discounting36% of 257 studies

  8. Clock Drawing Task35% of 281 studies

  9. Matrix Reasoning35% of 272 studies

  10. Card Sorting Test (Berg)34% of 411 studies

  11. Trail Making Test31% of 2,293 studies

  12. AX Continuous Performance Test17% of 191 studies

Studies by start year

2.4% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 2.6% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 10 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 8 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 9 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 13 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 16 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 21 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 15 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 25 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 21 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 32 studies, 11 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 22 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 28 studies, 11 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 42 studies, 12 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 41 studies, 13 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 31 studies, 11 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 31 studies, 12 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 26 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200010
200100
200222
200311
200410
200531
200610
200731
200831
200930
2010102
201184
201293
2013132
2014166
2015218
2016158
2017258
2018217
20193211
2020227
20212811
20224212
20234113
20243111
20253112
2026267

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 12 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 111 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/27 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 233 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/37 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 36 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 416 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable278 studies, 94 as a primary outcome
  • Observational51 studies, 24 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200
  • Phase 135 median, 20 to 75
  • Phase 254 median, 32 to 90
  • Phase 478 median, 42 to 109
  • Not applicable60 median, 36 to 100
  • Observational76 median, 40 to 175
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names the Card Sorting Test (Berg), by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Phase 1103520 to 75
Phase 2275432 to 90
Phase 4157842 to 109
Not applicable2726036 to 100
Observational517640 to 175

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Card Sorting Test (Berg) are measured within 10 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 3 weeks to 5 months. 125 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day60 outcomes, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks68 outcomes, 25 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months109 outcomes, 37 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months89 outcomes, 30 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months33 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years12 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years16 outcomes, 6 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given24 outcomes, 14 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

387 of the 411 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting63 studies, 17 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting24 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting20 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Completed177 studies, 72 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early31 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown96 studies, 25 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral123 studies, 48 as a primary outcome
  • Drug75 studies, 20 as a primary outcome
  • Device94 studies, 27 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement23 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure14 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test8 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Biological4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Radiation7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Genetic1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Other99 studies, 34 as a primary outcome
  • None given18 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States78 studies, 33 as a primary outcome
  • Taiwan52 studies, 16 as a primary outcome
  • France32 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Spain31 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • China25 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Hong Kong21 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Italy17 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Canada15 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Türkiye12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Mexico10 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Brazil9 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

41 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 37 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name the Card Sorting Test (Berg): 64 of 177, 36%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name the Card Sorting Test (Berg) and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name the Card Sorting Test (Berg)Every completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper5, 3%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only19, 11%1,139, 14%
A results paper only40, 23%1,711, 22%
Neither113, 64%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Stroop Color-Word Test145 studies, 47 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Trail Making Test139 studies, 48 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Digit Span Test120 studies, 49 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Verbal Fluency99 studies, 35 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Verbal Learning87 studies, 38 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Continuous Performance Test44 studies, 17 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    N-Back Task42 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Go/No-Go Task38 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Symbol Coding37 studies, 17 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Task Switching Test35 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for the Card Sorting Test (Berg) and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Card Sorting Test (Berg)409 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Stroop Color-Word Test1,922 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Trail Making Test2,281 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Digit Span Test1,619 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearCard Sorting Test (Berg)Stroop Color-Word TestTrail Making TestDigit Span Test
20001323
20010302
20022531
20031284
200418104
2005311147
200616144
20073132114
20083151719
20093162922
201010293237
20118314726
20129324436
201313426044
201416646649
201521678579
2016158510369
2017257912282
20182110311785
201932119155110
2020229912290
202128151172122
202242168188121
202341198228164
202431182211141
202531198210147
202626193201137

Explore the 411 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestThe Card Sorting Test (Berg)

411 studies match. 139 name the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome. Median size 63 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 10 weeks.

Loading 411 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
02040602000: 1 studies, 0 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2002: 2 studies, 2 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2003: 1 studies, 1 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2004: 1 studies, 0 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2005: 3 studies, 1 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome20052006: 1 studies, 0 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2007: 3 studies, 1 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2008: 3 studies, 1 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2009: 3 studies, 0 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2010: 10 studies, 2 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome20102011: 8 studies, 4 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2012: 9 studies, 3 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2013: 13 studies, 2 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2014: 16 studies, 6 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2015: 21 studies, 8 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome20152016: 15 studies, 8 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2017: 25 studies, 8 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2018: 21 studies, 7 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2019: 32 studies, 11 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2020: 22 studies, 7 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome20202021: 28 studies, 11 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2022: 42 studies, 12 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2023: 41 studies, 13 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2024: 31 studies, 11 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome2025: 31 studies, 12 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome20252026: 26 studies, 7 naming the Card Sorting Test (Berg) in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 2 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200010
200100
200222
200311
200410
200531
200610
200731
200831
200930
2010102
201184
201293
2013132
2014166
2015218
2016158
2017258
2018217
20193211
2020227
20212811
20224212
20234113
20243111
20253112
2026267

Library tests named most

  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)411 studies, 139 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test145 studies, 47 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test139 studies, 48 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test120 studies, 49 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Fluency99 studies, 35 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning87 studies, 38 as a primary outcome
  • Continuous Performance Test44 studies, 17 as a primary outcome
  • N-Back Task42 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Go/No-Go Task38 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding37 studies, 17 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 10, NIH 1, other 400. Interventional 360, observational 51.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeThe Card Sorting Test (Berg)

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07904325Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCardiovascular disease, Lung diseaseParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondarysame day
  • Lexical Decision TaskSecondarysame day
NCT07873060Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary2 weeks
  • Balloon RiskSecondary2 weeks
  • Spatial N-Back TaskSecondary2 weeks
NCT07871916Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants96Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary14 weeks
NCT07813169Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Other outcome8 weeks
NCT07806877Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary6 weeks
  • N-Back TaskSecondary6 weeks
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary6 weeks
  • Paced Visual Serial Addition TestPrimary6 weeks
  • Oddball Target DetectionSecondary6 weeks
NCT07801833Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAutismParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestOther outcome12 weeks
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Other outcome12 weeks
NCT07716306Start2027PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary6 months
NCT07713641Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants56Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondarysame day
  • N-Back TaskSecondarysame day
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondarysame day
  • Task Switching TestSecondarysame day
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondarysame day
NCT07695246Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants183Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskSecondary6 months
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary6 months
  • Psychomotor Vigilance TaskSecondary6 months
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary6 months
NCT07673913Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary4 weeks
NCT07654231Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsCardiovascular diseaseParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Other outcome2 years
  • Dimensional Change Card SortOther outcome2 years
  • Vocabulary TestOther outcome2 years
  • Size Order Memory TestOther outcome2 years
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonOther outcome2 years
  • Picture Order Memory TestOther outcome2 years
NCT07643571Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCD, Cardiovascular diseaseParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary11 weeks
NCT07632248Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants128Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary6 months
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary6 months
  • Emotional Stroop TaskPrimary6 months
NCT07630298Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAutismParticipants22Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondarysame day
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondarysame day
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondarysame day
NCT07622251Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants38Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary12 weeks
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary12 weeks
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestSecondary12 weeks
NCT07620249Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskPrimary5 weeks
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary5 weeks
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimary5 weeks
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestPrimary5 weeks
NCT07579494Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAutismParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary12 weeks
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary12 weeks
  • Biological Motion TaskOther outcome4 weeks
NCT07556250Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants225Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary1 week
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary2 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary1 week
  • Digit Span TestPrimary1 week
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary1 week
  • Task Switching TestPrimary1 week
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary2 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary2 weeks
  • Tower PlanningSecondary1 week
  • Iowa Gambling LiteSecondary1 week
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimary1 week
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningSecondary1 week
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftPrimary1 week
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary1 week
  • Alternative Uses TaskSecondary1 week
  • Social Value OrientationSecondary2 weeks
  • Remote Associates TestSecondary1 week
  • Repeated Prisoner's DilemmaSecondary2 weeks
  • Ellsberg Urns TaskSecondary2 weeks
NCT07529652Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants35Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary8 weeks
  • Tower of HanoiSecondary8 weeks
NCT07506408Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsHearing lossParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskSecondary3 weeks
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary3 weeks
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskSecondary3 weeks
NCT07499427Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHDParticipants130Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary8 weeks
  • N-Back TaskPrimary8 weeks
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary8 weeks
  • Iowa Gambling LitePrimary8 weeks
  • Emotional Stroop TaskPrimary8 weeks
NCT07494149Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteers, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants158Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestPrimary4 months
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary4 months
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestPrimary4 months
NCT07492056Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary12 weeks
NCT07478510Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants84Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondarysame day
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primarysame day
  • Implicit Association Test (IAT)Secondarysame day
NCT07462013Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary6 months
  • Digit Span TestPrimary6 months
  • Symbol CodingPrimary6 months
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary6 months

Page 1 of 17

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use the Card Sorting Test (Berg)?

411 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 139 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use the Card Sorting Test (Berg)?

Most often in depression and bipolar disorder (65), schizophrenia and psychosis (50) and anxiety, PTSD and OCD (29).

Do new trials use the Card Sorting Test (Berg) more or less?

2.4% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 2.6% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 5% smaller.

Which tests do trials use with the Card Sorting Test (Berg)?

The Stroop Color-Word Test (145 studies), the Trail Making Test (139 studies) and the Digit Span Test (120 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 trials that use the Card Sorting Test (Berg) enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 54 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 32 to 90. 27 of them give a size.

When do trials measure the Card Sorting Test (Berg)?

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Card Sorting Test (Berg) are measured within 10 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 3 weeks to 5 months. 125 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use the Card Sorting Test (Berg) have reported results?

64 of the 177 completed studies that name it, 36%, have reported results: 24 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 45 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 5 did both. The other 113 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Card Sorting Test (Berg): what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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