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Clinical trials data

Lexical Decision Task in clinical trials: 22 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names the Lexical Decision Task in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
22
Name it in a primary outcome, 32%
7 of 22
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.2% in 2016 to 2020
0.1%
By year
Median participants per study
60
By phase
Try the Lexical Decision Task

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.

  1. Stroke3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  2. Depression and bipolar disorder2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  3. Dementia and Alzheimer's1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  4. Mild cognitive impairment1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  5. Parkinson's disease1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  6. ADHD1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  7. Cancer1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  8. Aging, frailty and exercise1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  9. Substance use and addiction1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  10. Sleep and sleep disorders1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  11. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  12. Cardiovascular disease1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  13. Lung disease1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  14. Other conditions8 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

The Lexical Decision Task is a primary outcome in 32% of its studies. Across the 5 language tests with a page here, the median is 33%.

  1. Picture Naming Test43% of 466 studies

  2. Vocabulary Test37% of 199 studies

  3. Token Commands Task33% of 36 studies

  4. Lexical Decision Task32% of 22 studies

  5. Serial Naming Task32% of 22 studies

Studies by start year

0.1% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.2% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200510
200600
200720
200800
200900
201000
201100
201200
201310
201400
201510
201620
201721
201800
201911
202031
202111
202210
202300
202431
202521
202621

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Phase 41 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable17 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Observational4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100
  • Not applicable41 median, 22 to 77
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names the Lexical Decision Task, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable164122 to 77

When trials measure it

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day5 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks3 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months7 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months3 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given4 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

18 of the 22 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Completed15 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Drug1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Device3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • None given2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States9 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • France3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Germany3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Belgium1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Canada1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Hungary1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Italy1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Switzerland1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

10 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 1 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name the Lexical Decision Task: 4 of 15, 27%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name the Lexical Decision Task and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name the Lexical Decision TaskEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper1, 7%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only1, 7%1,139, 14%
A results paper only2, 13%1,711, 22%
Neither11, 73%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming the Lexical Decision Task name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Serial Naming Task3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Stroop Color-Word Test3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Emoji Emotion Recognition2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Choice Reaction Time2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Delay Discounting2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Go/No-Go Task2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Card Sorting Test (Berg)2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    N-Back Task2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Brief Implicit Association Test1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Implicit Association Test (IAT)1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for the Lexical Decision Task and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Lexical Decision Task22 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Serial Naming Task22 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Stroop Color-Word Test1,922 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Emoji Emotion Recognition186 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearLexical Decision TaskSerial Naming TaskStroop Color-Word TestEmoji Emotion Recognition
20000030
20010030
20020050
20030020
20040081
200510110
20060060
200720132
200800151
200901163
201001292
201100314
201200321
201310423
201401644
201510675
2016228513
2017227911
2018021039
20191011912
2020329911
20211215118
20221016816
20230219816
20243118214
20252119819
20262519321

Explore the 22 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestThe Lexical Decision Task

22 studies match. 7 name the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome. Median size 60 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 6 weeks.

Loading 22 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
01232000: 0 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2005: 1 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2007: 2 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2013: 1 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2014: 0 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2015: 1 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome20152016: 2 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2017: 2 studies, 1 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2018: 0 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2019: 1 studies, 1 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2020: 3 studies, 1 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome20202021: 1 studies, 1 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2022: 1 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2023: 0 studies, 0 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2024: 3 studies, 1 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome2025: 2 studies, 1 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome20252026: 2 studies, 1 naming the Lexical Decision Task in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200510
200600
200720
200800
200900
201000
201100
201200
201310
201400
201510
201620
201721
201800
201911
202031
202111
202210
202300
202431
202521
202621

Library tests named most

  • Lexical Decision Task22 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Serial Naming Task3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Emoji Emotion Recognition2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Choice Reaction Time2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Delay Discounting2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Go/No-Go Task2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • N-Back Task2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Brief Implicit Association Test1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 1, other 21. Interventional 18, observational 4.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeThe Lexical Decision Task

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07904325Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCardiovascular disease, Lung diseaseParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondarysame day
  • Lexical Decision TaskSecondarysame day
NCT07546292Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Lexical Decision TaskPrimary8 weeks
  • Serial Naming TaskSecondary8 weeks
NCT07383311Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairmentParticipants76Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Lexical Decision TaskSecondary
  • Numeracy Problems TestSecondary
NCT06981351Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants288Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary6 weeks
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary6 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingPrimary6 weeks
  • Lexical Decision TaskPrimary6 weeks
NCT06870552Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants36Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Lexical Decision TaskPrimary12 months
NCT06619756Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants2Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary
  • Lexical Decision TaskSecondary
NCT06384495Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants3Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingSecondarysame day
  • Choice Reaction TimeSecondarysame day
  • Lexical Decision TaskSecondarysame day
NCT05672771Start2020PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants90Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Operation SpanPrimary6 weeks
  • Lexical Decision TaskPrimary6 weeks
  • Reading Span TaskPrimary6 weeks
NCT05629520Start2020PhaseObservationalConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestOther outcomesame day
  • N-Back TaskOther outcomesame day
  • Go/No-Go TaskOther outcomesame day
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Other outcomesame day
  • Delay DiscountingOther outcomesame day
  • Monetary Incentive DelayPrimarysame day
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Lexical Decision TaskOther outcomesame day
NCT05137353Start2021PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants51Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Choice Reaction TimePrimarysame day
  • Lexical Decision TaskPrimarysame day
  • Serial Naming TaskPrimarysame day
NCT04942574Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Lexical Decision TaskSecondary9 weeks
NCT04244578Start2016PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants28Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Lexical Decision TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Serial Naming TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Spatial N-Back TaskSecondary4 weeks
NCT04159012Start2020PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipantsNot givenLead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Lexical Decision TaskSecondary6 weeks
NCT04041960Start2019PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants28Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Lexical Decision TaskPrimarysame day
NCT03600987Start2017PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants4Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Lexical Decision TaskSecondary12 months
NCT03233542Start2017PhaseNot applicableConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants87Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Implicit Association Test (IAT)Primary13 weeks
  • Lexical Decision TaskPrimary13 weeks
  • Scrambled Sentences TestPrimary13 weeks
  • Brief Implicit Association TestPrimary13 weeks
NCT03017560Start2015PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants45Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary10 weeks
  • Lexical Decision TaskSecondary10 weeks
NCT02875938Start2016PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants1Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Lexical Decision TaskSecondary12 months
NCT01858818Start2013PhaseObservationalConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants75Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Lexical Decision TaskOther outcome2 days
NCT00664300Start2007PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionPrimary
  • Lexical Decision TaskSecondary
NCT00664157Start2007PhaseNot applicableConditionsParkinson's diseaseParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionPrimary
  • Lexical Decision TaskSecondary
NCT00191906Start2005PhasePhase 4ConditionsADHDParticipants121Lead sponsorIndustryStatusCompleted

ResultsPaper

Library tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimary4 weeks
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestSecondary4 weeks
  • Lexical Decision TaskSecondary4 weeks

Page 1 of 1

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use the Lexical Decision Task?

22 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 7 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use the Lexical Decision Task?

Most often in stroke (3), depression and bipolar disorder (2) and dementia and Alzheimer's disease (1).

Which tests do trials use with the Lexical Decision Task?

The Serial Naming Task (3 studies), the Stroop Color-Word Test (3 studies) and Emoji Emotion Recognition (2 studies).

How many completed trials that use the Lexical Decision Task have reported results?

4 of the 15 completed studies that name it, 27%, have reported results: 2 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 3 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 1 did both. The other 11 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Lexical Decision Task: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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