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  5. /Monetary Incentive Delay

Clinical trials data

Monetary Incentive Delay in clinical trials: 106 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Monetary Incentive Delay in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
106
Name it in a primary outcome, 63%
67 of 106
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.6% in 2016 to 2020
0.5%
By year
Median participants per study
60
By phase
Try Monetary Incentive Delay

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Depression and bipolar disorder40 studies, 27 as a primary outcome

  2. Substance use and addiction26 studies, 19 as a primary outcome

  3. Schizophrenia and psychosis13 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  4. Healthy volunteers7 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  5. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD7 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  6. Obesity and diabetes4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  7. Pain and fatigue4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  8. ADHD2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  9. Aging, frailty and exercise2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  10. Sleep and sleep disorders2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  11. Parkinson's disease1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  12. Huntington's disease1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  13. Other conditions13 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

Monetary Incentive Delay is a primary outcome in 63% of its studies. Across the 30 executive function tests with a page here, the median is 37%.
  1. Monetary Incentive Delay63% of 106 studies

  2. Cue Reactivity Task56% of 188 studies

  3. Stroop Color-Word Test41% of 1,929 studies

  4. Tower Planning40% of 247 studies

  5. Task Switching Test40% of 334 studies

  6. Dimensional Change Card Sort38% of 214 studies

  7. Verbal Fluency37% of 1,745 studies

  8. Delay Discounting36% of 257 studies

  9. Clock Drawing Task35% of 281 studies

  10. Matrix Reasoning35% of 272 studies

  11. Card Sorting Test (Berg)34% of 411 studies

  12. Trail Making Test31% of 2,293 studies

  13. AX Continuous Performance Test17% of 191 studies

Studies by start year

0.5% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.6% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 3 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 3 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 5 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 5 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 6 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 3 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 6 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 5 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 8 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 5 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 4 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 6 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 11 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 10 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 7 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 12 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200422
200511
200600
200700
200800
200911
201011
201133
201232
201353
201453
201565
201633
201765
201852
201983
202053
202142
202265
2023117
2024105
202574
2026125

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 16 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 114 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/22 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 220 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 32 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 49 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable42 studies, 19 as a primary outcome
  • Observational11 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100
  • Phase 145 median, 30 to 104
  • Phase 234 median, 20 to 68
  • Not applicable85 median, 41 to 116
  • Observational60 median, 40 to 79
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names Monetary Incentive Delay, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Phase 1124530 to 104
Phase 2183420 to 68
Not applicable418541 to 116
Observational116040 to 79

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Monetary Incentive Delay are measured within 3 weeks of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 8 weeks. 60 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day21 outcomes, 17 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks31 outcomes, 19 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months34 outcomes, 19 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months6 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months1 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years4 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given9 outcomes, 7 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

97 of the 106 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting22 studies, 16 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting9 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Completed56 studies, 37 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early9 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown8 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral24 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Drug52 studies, 37 as a primary outcome
  • Device15 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test3 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Biological4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Other17 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • None given6 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States66 studies, 49 as a primary outcome
  • China8 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Sweden3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Canada2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • France2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Germany2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Hong Kong2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Israel2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Australia1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Austria1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Belgium1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

15 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 8 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name Monetary Incentive Delay: 33 of 56, 59%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name Monetary Incentive Delay and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name Monetary Incentive DelayEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper15, 27%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only10, 18%1,139, 14%
A results paper only8, 14%1,711, 22%
Neither23, 41%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming Monetary Incentive Delay name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Effort for Rewards Task12 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Stop-Signal Task11 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Stroop Color-Word Test11 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Go/No-Go Task10 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    N-Back Task10 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Delay Discounting8 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Effort Discounting Task7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Probabilistic Reward Task6 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Trail Making Test6 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Balloon Risk5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for Monetary Incentive Delay and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Monetary Incentive Delay104 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Effort for Rewards Task61 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Stop-Signal Task320 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Stroop Color-Word Test1,922 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearMonetary Incentive DelayEffort for Rewards TaskStop-Signal TaskStroop Color-Word Test
20000003
20010003
20020005
20030002
20042008
200510111
20060006
200700013
200800215
200910116
201011429
201130231
201230432
2013521142
2014511664
2015631267
2016321985
2017641879
20185330103
20198737119
2020541899
20214721151
20226024168
202311629198
202410933182
20257817198
202612421193

Explore the 106 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestMonetary Incentive Delay

106 studies match. 67 name Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome. Median size 60 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 3 weeks.

Loading 106 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
0510152000: 0 studies, 0 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2004: 2 studies, 2 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2005: 1 studies, 1 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2009: 1 studies, 1 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2010: 1 studies, 1 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome20102011: 3 studies, 3 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2012: 3 studies, 2 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2013: 5 studies, 3 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2014: 5 studies, 3 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2015: 6 studies, 5 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome20152016: 3 studies, 3 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2017: 6 studies, 5 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2018: 5 studies, 2 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2019: 8 studies, 3 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2020: 5 studies, 3 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome20202021: 4 studies, 2 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2022: 6 studies, 5 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2023: 11 studies, 7 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2024: 10 studies, 5 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome2025: 7 studies, 4 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome20252026: 12 studies, 5 naming Monetary Incentive Delay in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 2 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200422
200511
200600
200700
200800
200911
201011
201133
201232
201353
201453
201565
201633
201765
201852
201983
202053
202142
202265
2023117
2024105
202574
2026125

Library tests named most

  • Monetary Incentive Delay106 studies, 67 as a primary outcome
  • Effort for Rewards Task12 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Stop-Signal Task11 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test11 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Go/No-Go Task10 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • N-Back Task10 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Delay Discounting8 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Effort Discounting Task7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Probabilistic Reward Task6 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test6 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 13, other 93. Interventional 95, observational 11.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeMonetary Incentive Delay

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07853079Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants88Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary8 weeks
  • Monetary Incentive DelaySecondary8 weeks
NCT07845409Start2027PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants138Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary10 weeks
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary10 weeks
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimary10 weeks
  • AX Continuous Performance TestPrimary10 weeks
  • Monetary Incentive DelayPrimary10 weeks
  • Affective Go/No-GoPrimary10 weeks
NCT07665242Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Monetary Incentive DelayPrimary1 week
NCT07664852Start2026PhasePhase 3ConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants126Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestOther outcome5 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestOther outcome5 months
  • Verbal LearningOther outcome5 months
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome5 months
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestOther outcome5 months
  • Monetary Incentive DelayOther outcome6 weeks
NCT07641244Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants500Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskPrimary5 years
  • Monetary Incentive DelayPrimary5 years
NCT07633379Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsParkinson's diseaseParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Monetary Incentive DelaySecondarysame day
NCT07608796Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Task Switching TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Finger Tapping TaskSecondary8 weeks
  • Monetary Incentive DelayPrimary8 weeks
  • Effort for Rewards TaskSecondary8 weeks
NCT07490353Start2025PhasePhase 1ConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants85Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Monetary Incentive DelayPrimary8 weeks
NCT07319143Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants90Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary15 weeks
  • N-Back TaskSecondary15 weeks
  • Monetary Incentive DelaySecondary15 weeks
NCT07235696Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Monetary Incentive DelaySecondary13 weeks
NCT07166289Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants140Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Monetary Incentive DelayPrimarysame day
NCT07112105Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants106Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Monetary Incentive DelaySecondary1 week
NCT07032428Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants104Lead sponsorIndustryStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Monetary Incentive DelayPrimary9 weeks
  • Effort for Rewards TaskSecondary6 months
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskSecondary6 months
NCT07011953Start2025PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants90Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Monetary Incentive DelaySecondary8 weeks
  • Effort for Rewards TaskSecondary8 weeks
NCT06993831Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionOther outcome12 weeks
  • Monetary Incentive DelayOther outcome12 weeks
NCT06912386Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsPain and fatigueParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Monetary Incentive DelaySecondary
NCT06880328Start2018PhasePhase 1ConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants35Lead sponsorIndustryStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskSecondary5 weeks
  • Monetary Incentive DelaySecondary5 weeks
NCT06867224Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary
  • Monetary Incentive DelaySecondary
NCT06814275Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Substance use and addictionParticipants189Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Monetary Incentive DelayPrimary13 weeks
NCT06759051Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants180Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Iowa Gambling LiteSecondary4 weeks
  • Monetary Incentive DelaySecondary4 weeks
NCT06758596Start2027PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsHealthy volunteers, Substance use and addictionParticipants144Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Monetary Incentive DelayPrimarysame day
  • Four-Armed BanditPrimarysame day
NCT06578429Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Monetary Incentive DelayPrimary4 days
NCT06387719Start2023PhaseObservationalConditionsObesity and diabetes, Substance use and addictionParticipants102Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondarysame day
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondarysame day
  • Continuous Performance TestSecondarysame day
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimary
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskSecondarysame day
  • Iowa Gambling LiteSecondarysame day
  • Monetary Incentive DelayPrimary
NCT06369623Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants300Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Monetary Incentive DelayPrimary3 years
NCT06317753Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Substance use and addictionParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Monetary Incentive DelaySecondary12 months

Page 1 of 5

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use Monetary Incentive Delay?

106 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 67 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use Monetary Incentive Delay?

Most often in depression and bipolar disorder (40), substance use and addiction (26) and schizophrenia and psychosis (13).

Do new trials use Monetary Incentive Delay more or less?

0.5% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.6% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 11% smaller.

Which tests do trials use with Monetary Incentive Delay?

The Effort for Rewards Task (12 studies), the Stop-Signal Task (11 studies) and the Stroop Color-Word Test (11 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 trials that use Monetary Incentive Delay enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 34 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 20 to 68. 18 of them give a size.

When do trials measure Monetary Incentive Delay?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Monetary Incentive Delay are measured within 3 weeks of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 8 weeks. 60 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use Monetary Incentive Delay have reported results?

33 of the 56 completed studies that name it, 59%, have reported results: 25 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 23 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 15 did both. The other 23 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Monetary Incentive Delay: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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