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Clinical trials data

Probabilistic Reward Task in clinical trials: 38 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names the Probabilistic Reward Task in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
38
Name it in a primary outcome, 53%
20 of 38
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.2% in 2016 to 2020
0.2%
By year
Median participants per study
68
By phase
Try the Probabilistic Reward Task

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Depression and bipolar disorder25 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

  2. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD8 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  3. Substance use and addiction3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  4. Sleep and sleep disorders2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  5. Parkinson's disease1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  6. Schizophrenia and psychosis1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  7. Healthy volunteers1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  8. Aging, frailty and exercise1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  9. Obesity and diabetes1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  10. Other conditions6 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

The Probabilistic Reward Task is a primary outcome in 53% of its studies. Across the 30 executive function tests with a page here, the median is 37%.
  1. Cue Reactivity Task56% of 188 studies

  2. Probabilistic Reward Task53% of 38 studies

  3. Stroop Color-Word Test41% of 1,929 studies

  4. Tower Planning40% of 247 studies

  5. Task Switching Test40% of 334 studies

  6. Dimensional Change Card Sort38% of 214 studies

  7. Verbal Fluency37% of 1,745 studies

  8. Delay Discounting36% of 257 studies

  9. Clock Drawing Task35% of 281 studies

  10. Matrix Reasoning35% of 272 studies

  11. Card Sorting Test (Berg)34% of 411 studies

  12. Trail Making Test31% of 2,293 studies

  13. AX Continuous Performance Test17% of 191 studies

Studies by start year

0.2% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.2% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 3 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 6 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 4 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200900
201000
201100
201221
201333
201420
201531
201600
201721
201821
201941
202022
202164
202222
202343
202430
202521
202610

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 12 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 19 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 24 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 31 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 41 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable12 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Observational9 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100
  • Not applicable69 median, 41 to 90
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names the Probabilistic Reward Task, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable126941 to 90

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Probabilistic Reward Task are measured within a day of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 2 weeks. 18 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day20 outcomes, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks6 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months7 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months2 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given3 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

35 of the 38 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Completed23 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral8 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Drug16 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Device5 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Biological5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Other5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • None given5 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States32 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Canada3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Germany1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

3 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 2 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name the Probabilistic Reward Task: 14 of 23, 61%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name the Probabilistic Reward Task and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name the Probabilistic Reward TaskEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper5, 22%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only4, 17%1,139, 14%
A results paper only5, 22%1,711, 22%
Neither9, 39%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming the Probabilistic Reward Task name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Effort for Rewards Task8 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Monetary Incentive Delay6 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Eriksen Flanker Task3 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Dot-Probe Task3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Effort Discounting Task2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Ball-Toss Game2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Continuous Performance Test2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    N-Back Task2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Stroop Color-Word Test2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Cue Reactivity Task1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for the Probabilistic Reward Task and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Probabilistic Reward Task38 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026
Effort for Rewards Task61 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026
Monetary Incentive Delay104 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026
Eriksen Flanker Task331 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearProbabilistic Reward TaskEffort for Rewards TaskMonetary Incentive DelayEriksen Flanker Task
20000000
20010000
20020000
20030000
20040021
20050010
20060001
20070000
20080001
20090012
20100111
20110031
20122037
201332511
20142159
201533612
201602316
20172468
201823518
201947822
202024517
202167437
202220625
2023461132
2024391036
202528734
2026141240

Explore the 38 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestThe Probabilistic Reward Task

38 studies match. 20 name the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome. Median size 68 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: same day.

Loading 38 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
02462000: 0 studies, 0 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2012: 2 studies, 1 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2013: 3 studies, 3 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2014: 2 studies, 0 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2015: 3 studies, 1 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome20152016: 0 studies, 0 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2017: 2 studies, 1 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2018: 2 studies, 1 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2019: 4 studies, 1 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2020: 2 studies, 2 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome20202021: 6 studies, 4 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2022: 2 studies, 2 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2023: 4 studies, 3 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2024: 3 studies, 0 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome2025: 2 studies, 1 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome20252026: 1 studies, 0 naming the Probabilistic Reward Task in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200900
201000
201100
201221
201333
201420
201531
201600
201721
201821
201941
202022
202164
202222
202343
202430
202521
202610

Library tests named most

  • Probabilistic Reward Task38 studies, 20 as a primary outcome
  • Effort for Rewards Task8 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Monetary Incentive Delay6 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Eriksen Flanker Task3 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Dot-Probe Task3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Effort Discounting Task2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Ball-Toss Game2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Continuous Performance Test2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • N-Back Task2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

Conditions

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 1, other 37. Interventional 29, observational 9.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeThe Probabilistic Reward Task

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07032428Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants104Lead sponsorIndustryStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Monetary Incentive DelayPrimary9 weeks
  • Effort for Rewards TaskSecondary6 months
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskSecondary6 months
NCT06786637Start2025PhasePhase 2ConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipantsNot givenLead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskPrimarysame day
NCT06230757Start2024PhasePhase 2ConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Monetary Incentive DelaySecondary1 week
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskSecondary8 weeks
NCT06093906Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants135Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskPrimary6 weeks
NCT06044090Start2022PhasePhase 4ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants10Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskPrimary6 days
NCT05909267Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants165Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingOther outcome2 days
  • Effort for Rewards TaskSecondary2 days
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskPrimary2 days
NCT05712772Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskPrimary
NCT05630963Start2021PhaseObservationalConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants228Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskPrimarysame day
NCT05625555Start2024PhasePhase 3ConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Mnemonic Similarity TaskOther outcome3 weeks
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskSecondary3 weeks
NCT05553405Start2024PhasePhase 1ConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipantsNot givenLead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskSecondarysame day
NCT05459922Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addiction, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants23Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskPrimary2 weeks
NCT05363527Start2023PhasePhase 1ConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Aging, frailty and exercise, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskOther outcomesame day
  • Monetary Incentive DelayPrimarysame day
  • Antisaccade TaskOther outcomesame day
  • Effort for Rewards TaskPrimarysame day
  • Effort Discounting TaskPrimarysame day
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskSecondarysame day
NCT05025254Start2021PhaseObservationalConditionsParkinson's diseaseParticipants1,000Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary13 weeks
  • N-Back TaskSecondary13 weeks
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskSecondary13 weeks
NCT04826133Start2019PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants4Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskSecondarysame day
  • Probabilistic Selection TaskSecondarysame day
NCT04789148Start2025PhasePhase 1ConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondarysame day
  • Dot-Probe TaskPrimarysame day
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskSecondarysame day
NCT04678232Start2021PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants45Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskPrimary6 weeks
NCT04325529Start2021PhaseObservationalConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants148Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskPrimarysame day
NCT04310423Start2021PhasePhase 2ConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Substance use and addictionParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Cue Reactivity TaskPrimarysame day
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskSecondarysame day
NCT04239963Start2020PhaseObservationalConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimarysame day
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskPrimarysame day
NCT04184206Start2021PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants3Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimary4 weeks
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskPrimary4 weeks
NCT03848715Start2019PhasePhase 1ConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

ResultsPaper 1Paper 2

Library tests named
  • Dot-Probe TaskPrimarysame day
  • Effort for Rewards TaskPrimarysame day
  • Emotion Regulation TaskOther outcomesame day
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskPrimarysame day
NCT03828604Start2017PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants57Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Effort for Rewards TaskPrimarysame day
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskPrimarysame day
NCT03801629Start2019PhasePhase 1ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants10Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskSecondarysame day
NCT03557684Start2018PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants59Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped early

Results

Library tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondarysame day
  • Continuous Performance TestSecondarysame day
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskOther outcomesame day
  • Ball-Toss GameOther outcomesame day
NCT03439748Start2019PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants85Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

ResultsPaper 1Paper 2

Library tests named
  • Dot-Probe TaskSecondary16 weeks
  • Effort for Rewards TaskSecondary16 weeks
  • Probabilistic Reward TaskSecondary16 weeks
  • Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer TaskSecondary16 weeks

Page 1 of 2

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use the Probabilistic Reward Task?

38 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 20 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use the Probabilistic Reward Task?

Most often in depression and bipolar disorder (25), anxiety, PTSD and OCD (8) and substance use and addiction (3).

Do new trials use the Probabilistic Reward Task more or less?

0.2% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.2% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 8% larger.

Which tests do trials use with the Probabilistic Reward Task?

The Effort for Rewards Task (8 studies), Monetary Incentive Delay (6 studies) and the Eriksen Flanker Task (3 studies).

When do trials measure the Probabilistic Reward Task?

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Probabilistic Reward Task are measured within a day of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 2 weeks. 18 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use the Probabilistic Reward Task have reported results?

14 of the 23 completed studies that name it, 61%, have reported results: 9 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 10 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 5 did both. The other 9 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Probabilistic Reward Task: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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