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  5. /Task Switching Test

Clinical trials data

Task Switching Test in clinical trials: 334 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names the Task Switching Test in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
334
Name it in a primary outcome, 40%
132 of 334
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 2.3% in 2016 to 2020
2.3%
By year
Median participants per study
60
By phase
Try the Task Switching Test

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Aging, frailty and exercise37 studies, 21 as a primary outcome

  2. Dementia and Alzheimer's31 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

  3. Mild cognitive impairment22 studies, 12 as a primary outcome

  4. Sleep and sleep disorders21 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  5. Depression and bipolar disorder20 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  6. Brain injury and concussion18 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  7. Stroke16 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  8. Cancer16 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  9. Healthy volunteers16 studies, 12 as a primary outcome

  10. Parkinson's disease14 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  11. Schizophrenia and psychosis14 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  12. Obesity and diabetes13 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  13. Pain and fatigue13 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  14. Cardiovascular disease13 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  15. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD12 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  16. Cognitive impairment and decline7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  17. Substance use and addiction7 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  18. Autism7 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  19. Hearing loss7 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  20. ADHD5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  21. COVID-19 and long COVID4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  22. Multiple sclerosis3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  23. Delirium, surgery and intensive care3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  24. Huntington's disease2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  25. Lung disease1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  26. Other conditions81 studies, 34 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

The Task Switching Test is a primary outcome in 40% of its studies. Across the 30 executive function tests with a page here, the median is 37%.
  1. Cue Reactivity Task56% of 188 studies

  2. Stroop Color-Word Test41% of 1,929 studies

  3. Tower Planning40% of 247 studies

  4. Task Switching Test40% of 334 studies

  5. Dimensional Change Card Sort38% of 214 studies

  6. Verbal Fluency37% of 1,745 studies

  7. Delay Discounting36% of 257 studies

  8. Clock Drawing Task35% of 281 studies

  9. Matrix Reasoning35% of 272 studies

  10. Card Sorting Test (Berg)34% of 411 studies

  11. Trail Making Test31% of 2,293 studies

  12. AX Continuous Performance Test17% of 191 studies

Studies by start year

2.3% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 2.3% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 6 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 9 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 8 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 10 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 16 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 25 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 18 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 26 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 16 studies, 11 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 28 studies, 12 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 17 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 35 studies, 13 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 28 studies, 12 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 52 studies, 18 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 25 studies, 11 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200421
200522
200631
200720
200821
200910
201022
201111
201263
201395
201483
2015103
2016167
2017257
2018184
2019268
20201611
20212812
2022177
20233513
20242812
20255218
20262511

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 14 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 15 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/23 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 222 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/32 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 38 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 46 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable255 studies, 110 as a primary outcome
  • Observational29 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200
  • Phase 250 median, 34 to 90
  • Not applicable60 median, 30 to 117
  • Observational68 median, 40 to 195
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names the Task Switching Test, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Phase 2225034 to 90
Not applicable2556030 to 117
Observational286840 to 195

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Task Switching Test are measured within 9 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 1 week to 6 months. 120 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day52 outcomes, 23 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks57 outcomes, 18 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months102 outcomes, 40 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months52 outcomes, 19 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months37 outcomes, 10 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years12 outcomes, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years5 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given17 outcomes, 12 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

317 of the 334 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting76 studies, 27 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting15 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting15 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Completed172 studies, 77 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early16 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown40 studies, 12 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral117 studies, 54 as a primary outcome
  • Drug52 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Device60 studies, 17 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement43 studies, 15 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure7 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Biological3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Radiation7 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Other81 studies, 32 as a primary outcome
  • None given13 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States115 studies, 40 as a primary outcome
  • Canada25 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom25 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Hong Kong19 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Taiwan18 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • China17 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Spain13 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Germany12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Switzerland12 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Italy11 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • France10 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Türkiye10 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

44 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 16 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name the Task Switching Test: 68 of 172, 40%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name the Task Switching Test and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name the Task Switching TestEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper11, 6%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only19, 11%1,139, 14%
A results paper only38, 22%1,711, 22%
Neither104, 60%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming the Task Switching Test name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Trail Making Test180 studies, 63 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Stroop Color-Word Test95 studies, 45 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Digit Span Test74 studies, 34 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Verbal Learning70 studies, 36 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Verbal Fluency68 studies, 26 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    N-Back Task45 studies, 21 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Symbol Coding35 studies, 13 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Card Sorting Test (Berg)35 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Go/No-Go Task33 studies, 13 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Category Fluency23 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for the Task Switching Test and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Task Switching Test334 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Trail Making Test2,281 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Stroop Color-Word Test1,922 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Digit Span Test1,619 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearTask Switching TestTrail Making TestStroop Color-Word TestDigit Span Test
20000233
20010032
20020351
20030824
200421084
2005214117
200631464
20072211314
20082171519
20091291622
20102322937
20111473126
20126443236
20139604244
20148666449
201510856779
2016161038569
2017251227982
20181811710385
201926155119110
2020161229990
202128172151122
202217188168121
202335228198164
202428211182141
202552210198147
202625201193137

Explore the 334 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestThe Task Switching Test

334 studies match. 132 name the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome. Median size 60 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 9 weeks.

Loading 334 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
02040602000: 0 studies, 0 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2004: 2 studies, 1 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2005: 2 studies, 2 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome20052006: 3 studies, 1 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2007: 2 studies, 0 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2008: 2 studies, 1 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2009: 1 studies, 0 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2010: 2 studies, 2 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome20102011: 1 studies, 1 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2012: 6 studies, 3 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2013: 9 studies, 5 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2014: 8 studies, 3 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2015: 10 studies, 3 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome20152016: 16 studies, 7 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2017: 25 studies, 7 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2018: 18 studies, 4 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2019: 26 studies, 8 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2020: 16 studies, 11 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome20202021: 28 studies, 12 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2022: 17 studies, 7 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2023: 35 studies, 13 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2024: 28 studies, 12 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome2025: 52 studies, 18 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome20252026: 25 studies, 11 naming the Task Switching Test in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200421
200522
200631
200720
200821
200910
201022
201111
201263
201395
201483
2015103
2016167
2017257
2018184
2019268
20201611
20212812
2022177
20233513
20242812
20255218
20262511

Library tests named most

  • Task Switching Test334 studies, 132 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test180 studies, 63 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test95 studies, 45 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test74 studies, 34 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning70 studies, 36 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Fluency68 studies, 26 as a primary outcome
  • N-Back Task45 studies, 21 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding35 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)35 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Go/No-Go Task33 studies, 13 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 22, other 312. Interventional 305, observational 29.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeThe Task Switching Test

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07883031Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants25Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Psychomotor Vigilance TaskPrimary6 weeks
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimary6 weeks
  • Task Switching TestPrimary6 weeks
NCT07876193Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteers, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants15Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimary5 weeks
  • Task Switching TestSecondary5 weeks
NCT07868653Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary13 weeks
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimary13 weeks
  • Task Switching TestSecondary13 weeks
NCT07842029Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsDementia and Alzheimer'sParticipants1,000Lead sponsorIndustryStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Task Switching TestSecondary12 months
NCT07839650Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer'sParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary6 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary6 months
  • Category FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Task Switching TestPrimary6 months
  • Face-name Memory TaskPrimary6 months
NCT07834580Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants330Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Task Switching TestSecondary12 weeks
NCT07830056Start2025PhasePhase 4ConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants33Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskPrimary1 week
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary1 week
  • Psychomotor Vigilance TaskPrimary1 week
  • Task Switching TestPrimary1 week
  • Finger Tapping TaskPrimary1 week
  • Balloon RiskSecondary1 week
NCT07775079Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairmentParticipants96Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary8 weeks
  • Task Switching TestPrimary8 weeks
NCT07749144Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskPrimary8 weeks
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimary8 weeks
  • Task Switching TestPrimary8 weeks
NCT07742514Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants53Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimarysame day
  • Verbal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Task Switching TestPrimarysame day
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestPrimarysame day
NCT07742501Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants51Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary12 weeks
  • Task Switching TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Word Span TaskPrimary12 weeks
NCT07740057Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants75Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary2 years
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary2 years
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary2 years
  • Task Switching TestPrimary2 years
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallPrimary2 years
  • Selective Reminding TaskPrimary2 years
  • Social Slips Stories TaskPrimary2 years
NCT07727577Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteers, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Task Switching TestPrimarysame day
NCT07720427Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsAutismParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary2 weeks
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Task Switching TestSecondary2 weeks
NCT07713641Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants56Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondarysame day
  • N-Back TaskSecondarysame day
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondarysame day
  • Task Switching TestSecondarysame day
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondarysame day
NCT07710339Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskPrimary3 weeks
  • Task Switching TestPrimary3 weeks
NCT07706283Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteers, Sleep and sleep disorders, Pain and fatigueParticipants81Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 weeks
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimary6 weeks
  • Task Switching TestSecondary6 weeks
NCT07695090Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsCardiovascular diseaseParticipants60Lead sponsorIndustryStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Task Switching TestSecondary13 weeks
NCT07667530Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants76Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskSecondary16 weeks
  • Task Switching TestSecondary16 weeks
NCT07666893Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsPain and fatigueParticipants199Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Task Switching TestPrimarysame day
NCT07666685Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Cardiovascular diseaseParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Symbol CodingPrimary12 weeks
  • Task Switching TestPrimary12 weeks
NCT07651917Start2026PhasePhase 4ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondarysame day
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondarysame day
  • Digit Span TestSecondarysame day
  • N-Back TaskSecondarysame day
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondarysame day
  • Psychomotor Vigilance TaskPrimarysame day
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskSecondarysame day
  • Task Switching TestSecondarysame day
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestSecondarysame day
NCT07618481Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer'sParticipants90Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Task Switching TestSecondary6 months
NCT07608796Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Task Switching TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Finger Tapping TaskSecondary8 weeks
  • Monetary Incentive DelayPrimary8 weeks
  • Effort for Rewards TaskSecondary8 weeks
NCT07556250Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants225Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary1 week
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary2 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary1 week
  • Digit Span TestPrimary1 week
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary1 week
  • Task Switching TestPrimary1 week
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary2 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary2 weeks
  • Tower PlanningSecondary1 week
  • Iowa Gambling LiteSecondary1 week
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimary1 week
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningSecondary1 week
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftPrimary1 week
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary1 week
  • Alternative Uses TaskSecondary1 week
  • Social Value OrientationSecondary2 weeks
  • Remote Associates TestSecondary1 week
  • Repeated Prisoner's DilemmaSecondary2 weeks
  • Ellsberg Urns TaskSecondary2 weeks

Page 1 of 14

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use the Task Switching Test?

334 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 132 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use the Task Switching Test?

Most often in aging, frailty and exercise (37), dementia and Alzheimer's disease (31) and mild cognitive impairment (22).

Do new trials use the Task Switching Test more or less?

2.3% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 2.3% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: about the same share.

Which tests do trials use with the Task Switching Test?

The Trail Making Test (180 studies), the Stroop Color-Word Test (95 studies) and the Digit Span Test (74 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 trials that use the Task Switching Test enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 50 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 34 to 90. 22 of them give a size.

When do trials measure the Task Switching Test?

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Task Switching Test are measured within 9 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 1 week to 6 months. 120 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use the Task Switching Test have reported results?

68 of the 172 completed studies that name it, 40%, have reported results: 30 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 49 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 11 did both. The other 104 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Task Switching Test: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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