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  5. /Betting Choice Task

Clinical trials data

Betting Choice Task in clinical trials: 24 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names the Betting Choice Task in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
24
Name it in a primary outcome, 21%
5 of 24
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.2% in 2016 to 2020
0.1%
By year
Median participants per study
70
By phase
Try the Betting Choice Task

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD7 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  2. Healthy volunteers5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  3. Substance use and addiction5 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  4. Depression and bipolar disorder4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  5. Obesity and diabetes3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  6. Sleep and sleep disorders2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  7. ADHD1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  8. COVID-19 and long COVID1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  9. Pain and fatigue1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  10. Cardiovascular disease1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  11. Other conditions4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

The Betting Choice Task is a primary outcome in 21% of its studies. Across the 30 executive function tests with a page here, the median is 37%.
  1. Cue Reactivity Task56% of 188 studies

  2. Stroop Color-Word Test41% of 1,929 studies

  3. Tower Planning40% of 247 studies

  4. Task Switching Test40% of 334 studies

  5. Dimensional Change Card Sort38% of 214 studies

  6. Verbal Fluency37% of 1,745 studies

  7. Delay Discounting36% of 257 studies

  8. Clock Drawing Task35% of 281 studies

  9. Matrix Reasoning35% of 272 studies

  10. Card Sorting Test (Berg)34% of 411 studies

  11. Trail Making Test31% of 2,293 studies

  12. Betting Choice Task21% of 24 studies

  13. AX Continuous Performance Test17% of 191 studies

Studies by start year

0.1% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.2% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200810
200900
201000
201100
201200
201300
201411
201510
201621
201710
201810
201931
202020
202121
202220
202341
202410
202510
202620

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 11 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 23 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 31 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 43 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable11 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Observational5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100
  • Not applicable68 median, 43 to 106
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names the Betting Choice Task, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable116843 to 106

When trials measure it

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day3 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks4 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months9 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months2 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months1 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years1 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years3 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given1 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

23 of the 24 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Completed10 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Drug10 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Device4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Biological2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • None given1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Belgium1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Canada1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Chile1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • China1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • France1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Ireland1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Portugal1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Singapore1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Sweden1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

14 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 1 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name the Betting Choice Task: 3 of 10, 30%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name the Betting Choice Task and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name the Betting Choice TaskEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper0, 0%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only1, 10%1,139, 14%
A results paper only2, 20%1,711, 22%
Neither7, 70%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming the Betting Choice Task name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Stop-Signal Task12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Tower Planning8 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Intra/Extra Dimensional Set Shift7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Paired Associate Learning5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Emoji Emotion Recognition4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Go/No-Go Task4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Probabilistic Reversal Learning4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Delayed Match-to-Sample4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    One-Touch Tower Planning4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Rapid Visual Information Processing4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for the Betting Choice Task and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Betting Choice Task24 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026
Stop-Signal Task320 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026
Tower Planning247 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026
Intra/Extra Dimensional Set Shift49 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearBetting Choice TaskStop-Signal TaskTower PlanningIntra/Extra Dimensional Set Shift
20000000
20010000
20020000
20030000
20040010
20050140
20060000
20070030
20081240
20090130
20100422
201102123
20120430
2013011161
201411671
2015112110
2016219131
2017118232
201813080
2019337173
2020218144
2021221244
2022224176
2023429188
2024133191
2025117167
2026221126

Explore the 24 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestThe Betting Choice Task

24 studies match. 5 name the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome. Median size 70 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 8 weeks.

Loading 24 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
012342000: 0 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2008: 1 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2013: 0 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2014: 1 studies, 1 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2015: 1 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome20152016: 2 studies, 1 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2017: 1 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2018: 1 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2019: 3 studies, 1 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2020: 2 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome20202021: 2 studies, 1 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2022: 2 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2023: 4 studies, 1 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2024: 1 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome2025: 1 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome20252026: 2 studies, 0 naming the Betting Choice Task in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200810
200900
201000
201100
201200
201300
201411
201510
201621
201710
201810
201931
202020
202121
202220
202341
202410
202510
202620

Library tests named most

  • Betting Choice Task24 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Stop-Signal Task12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Tower Planning8 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set Shift7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Paired Associate Learning5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Emoji Emotion Recognition4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Go/No-Go Task4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Probabilistic Reversal Learning4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Delayed Match-to-Sample4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • One-Touch Tower Planning4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

Conditions

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: other 24. Interventional 19, observational 5.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeThe Betting Choice Task

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07734623Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskSecondary2 years
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary2 years
NCT07556250Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants225Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary1 week
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary2 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary1 week
  • Digit Span TestPrimary1 week
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary1 week
  • Task Switching TestPrimary1 week
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary2 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary2 weeks
  • Tower PlanningSecondary1 week
  • Iowa Gambling LiteSecondary1 week
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimary1 week
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningSecondary1 week
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftPrimary1 week
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary1 week
  • Alternative Uses TaskSecondary1 week
  • Social Value OrientationSecondary2 weeks
  • Remote Associates TestSecondary1 week
  • Repeated Prisoner's DilemmaSecondary2 weeks
  • Ellsberg Urns TaskSecondary2 weeks
NCT07111988Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Tower PlanningSecondary14 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingSecondary14 weeks
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary14 weeks
NCT06868966Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants128Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondarysame day
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondarysame day
  • Tower PlanningSecondarysame day
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningSecondarysame day
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondarysame day
  • Multiple Object TrackingSecondarysame day
NCT05966532Start2023PhaseObservationalConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Healthy volunteersParticipants276Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondarysame day
  • Verbal FluencySecondarysame day
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimarysame day
  • Category FluencySecondarysame day
  • Affective Go/No-GoPrimarysame day
  • Betting Choice TaskPrimarysame day
NCT05963659Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants70Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Choice Reaction TimeSecondary2 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingSecondary2 weeks
  • Delayed Match-to-SamplePrimary2 weeks
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftSecondary2 weeks
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary2 weeks
NCT05946083Start2023PhasePhase 2ConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants82Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary
  • Cue Reactivity TaskSecondary
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondary
  • Delayed Match-to-SampleSecondary
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftSecondary
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary
  • Emotional Face Matching TaskSecondary
  • Think and No-Think TaskSecondary
NCT05861752Start2022PhaseObservationalConditionsSubstance use and addiction, Sleep and sleep disorders, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants240Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondarysame day
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondarysame day
NCT05624528Start2023PhasePhase 2ConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants49Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Tower PlanningSecondary8 weeks
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningSecondary8 weeks
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningSecondary8 weeks
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftSecondary8 weeks
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary8 weeks
NCT05019300Start2021PhaseObservationalConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Sleep and sleep disorders, COVID-19 and long COVID, Anxiety, PTSD and OCD, Pain and fatigueParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
  • Tower PlanningSecondary12 months
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary12 months
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingSecondary12 months
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftSecondary12 months
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary12 months
NCT04951674Start2021PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants150Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary8 weeks
  • Paced Visual Serial Addition TestPrimary8 weeks
  • Iowa Gambling LitePrimary8 weeks
  • Betting Choice TaskPrimary8 weeks
NCT04336228Start2020PhasePhase 4ConditionsHealthy volunteers, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants46Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary3 years
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimary3 years
  • Simple Reaction TimeSecondary3 years
  • Paired Associate LearningPrimary3 years
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionPrimary3 years
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskSecondary3 years
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimary3 years
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftPrimary3 years
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary3 years
NCT04293224Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetes, Cardiovascular diseaseParticipants54Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary10 weeks
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary10 weeks
NCT04239339Start2020PhasePhase 4ConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants66Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper 1Paper 2

Library tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary3 years
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimary3 years
  • Choice Reaction TimeSecondary3 years
  • Simple Reaction TimeSecondary3 years
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary3 years
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionPrimary3 years
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimary3 years
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftPrimary3 years
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary3 years
  • Ultimatum GamePrimary3 years
NCT04175028Start2014PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHDParticipants83Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • N-Back TaskPrimary6 weeks
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimary6 weeks
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimary6 weeks
  • Betting Choice TaskPrimary6 weeks
NCT04035850Start2019PhasePhase 3ConditionsOther conditionsParticipantsNot givenLead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingSecondary12 weeks
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary12 weeks
  • Tower PlanningSecondary12 weeks
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary12 weeks
NCT03948061Start2019PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants4Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary12 weeks
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary12 weeks
NCT03857438Start2016PhaseObservationalConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants89Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimary13 weeks
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionPrimary13 weeks
  • Betting Choice TaskPrimary13 weeks
NCT03595098Start2018PhaseNot applicableConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants128Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruiting

Paper 1Paper 2

Library tests named
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome16 weeks
  • Task Switching TestOther outcome16 weeks
  • Stop-Signal TaskOther outcome16 weeks
  • Tower PlanningOther outcome16 weeks
  • Spatial Working MemoryOther outcome16 weeks
  • Design Fluency TestOther outcome16 weeks
  • Betting Choice TaskOther outcome16 weeks
  • Weather Prediction TaskOther outcome16 weeks
NCT03464838Start2019PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants32Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary8 weeks
  • Betting Choice TaskPrimary8 weeks
NCT03288675Start2017PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants68Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Paced Visual Serial Addition TestSecondary1 week
  • Tower PlanningSecondary3 days
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingSecondary3 days
  • Delayed Match-to-SampleSecondary3 days
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningSecondary3 days
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary1 week
NCT02794389Start2016PhaseNot applicableConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants23Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary1 week
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary1 week
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary1 week
  • Affective Go/No-GoSecondary1 week
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary1 week
NCT02690987Start2015PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsObesity and diabetes, Substance use and addictionParticipants95Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Paired Associate LearningOther outcome4 years
  • Monetary Incentive DelaySecondary4 years
  • Betting Choice TaskOther outcome4 years
  • Progressive Ratio TaskOther outcome4 years
NCT01404130Start2008PhasePhase 4ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants18Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary13 weeks
  • Delayed Match-to-SamplePrimary13 weeks
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary13 weeks

Page 1 of 1

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use the Betting Choice Task?

24 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 5 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use the Betting Choice Task?

Most often in anxiety, PTSD and OCD (7), healthy volunteers (5) and substance use and addiction (5).

Which tests do trials use with the Betting Choice Task?

The Stop-Signal Task (12 studies), Tower Planning (8 studies) and Intra/Extra Dimensional Set Shift (7 studies).

How many completed trials that use the Betting Choice Task have reported results?

3 of the 10 completed studies that name it, 30%, have reported results: 1 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 2 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 0 did both. The other 7 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Betting Choice Task: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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