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    16,361Registered studies name a cognitive test in an outcome measure11,688 name a test you can run hereExplore the studies
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  5. /Letter-Number Sequencing Task

Clinical trials data

Letter-Number Sequencing Task in clinical trials: 184 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
184
Name it in a primary outcome, 43%
80 of 184
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.4% in 2016 to 2020
0.6%
By year
Median participants per study
60
By phase
Try the Letter-Number Sequencing Task

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Schizophrenia and psychosis29 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  2. Brain injury and concussion17 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  3. Depression and bipolar disorder16 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  4. Substance use and addiction15 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  5. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD14 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  6. Healthy volunteers12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  7. Dementia and Alzheimer's11 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  8. ADHD11 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  9. Obesity and diabetes10 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  10. Cognitive impairment and decline9 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  11. Aging, frailty and exercise9 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  12. Mild cognitive impairment7 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  13. Cancer6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  14. Stroke4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  15. Parkinson's disease4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  16. Multiple sclerosis4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  17. Sleep and sleep disorders4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  18. Pain and fatigue3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  19. Cardiovascular disease3 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  20. Huntington's disease2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  21. Hearing loss1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  22. Epilepsy1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  23. Other conditions29 studies, 12 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

The Letter-Number Sequencing Task is a primary outcome in 43% of its studies. Across the 10 working memory tests with a page here, the median is 45%.
  1. Sternberg Memory Scanning50% of 38 studies

  2. Operation Span50% of 24 studies

  3. Mental Rotation48% of 64 studies

  4. N-Back Task48% of 790 studies

  5. Spatial Working Memory46% of 78 studies

  6. Letter-Number Sequencing Task43% of 184 studies

  7. Corsi Block-Tapping Test43% of 181 studies

  8. Digit Span Test37% of 1,629 studies

  9. Reading Span Task36% of 22 studies

  10. Size Order Memory Test35% of 162 studies

Studies by start year

0.6% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.4% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 3 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 6 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 4 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 8 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 3 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 6 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 9 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 6 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 10 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 13 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 17 studies, 11 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 11 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 12 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 10 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 10 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 7 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 8 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 8 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 12 studies, 9 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 12 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200010
200100
200233
200311
200430
200564
200600
200721
200810
200940
201082
201132
201262
201393
201461
2015104
2016135
20171711
2018118
2019121
2020105
2021104
202272
202383
202484
2025129
2026125

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 13 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 14 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/22 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 220 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/33 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 33 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 48 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable128 studies, 57 as a primary outcome
  • Observational13 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100
  • Phase 260 median, 33 to 97
  • Not applicable60 median, 33 to 120
  • Observational60 median, 39 to 130
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names the Letter-Number Sequencing Task, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Phase 2206033 to 97
Not applicable1276033 to 120
Observational136039 to 130

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Letter-Number Sequencing Task are measured within 12 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 5 weeks to 6 months. 72 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day17 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks22 outcomes, 13 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months65 outcomes, 29 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months35 outcomes, 14 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months22 outcomes, 7 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years4 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years6 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given13 outcomes, 8 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

171 of the 184 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting26 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting8 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Completed106 studies, 50 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early16 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown24 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral79 studies, 31 as a primary outcome
  • Drug48 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Device9 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement11 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure7 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Biological1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Other39 studies, 20 as a primary outcome
  • None given7 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States97 studies, 44 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark15 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Canada12 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Spain9 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom8 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Germany6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Sweden5 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • France4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Italy4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • South Korea4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Australia3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • China3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

35 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 9 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name the Letter-Number Sequencing Task: 59 of 106, 56%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name the Letter-Number Sequencing Task and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name the Letter-Number Sequencing TaskEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper11, 10%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only21, 20%1,139, 14%
A results paper only27, 25%1,711, 22%
Neither47, 44%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Digit Span Test78 studies, 30 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Verbal Learning75 studies, 37 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Trail Making Test71 studies, 29 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Verbal Fluency56 studies, 26 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Stroop Color-Word Test47 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Symbol Coding37 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Continuous Performance Test29 studies, 13 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Symbol Scan Task23 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Category Fluency20 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Card Sorting Test (Berg)17 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for the Letter-Number Sequencing Task and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Letter-Number Sequencing Task183 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Digit Span Test1,619 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Verbal Learning1,819 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Trail Making Test2,281 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearLetter-Number Sequencing TaskDigit Span TestVerbal LearningTrail Making Test
20001312
20010250
20023183
200314148
2004341410
2005671714
2006041314
20072142221
20081192817
20094222829
20108374232
20113263347
20126364244
20139445360
20146498266
201510799185
2016136998103
20171782107122
2018118592117
201912110122155
2020109076122
202110122137172
20227121138188
20238164157228
20248141144211
202512147132210
202612137123201

Explore the 184 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestThe Letter-Number Sequencing Task

184 studies match. 80 name the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome. Median size 60 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 12 weeks.

Loading 184 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
051015202000: 1 studies, 0 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2002: 3 studies, 3 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2003: 1 studies, 1 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2004: 3 studies, 0 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2005: 6 studies, 4 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2007: 2 studies, 1 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2008: 1 studies, 0 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2009: 4 studies, 0 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2010: 8 studies, 2 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome20102011: 3 studies, 2 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2012: 6 studies, 2 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2013: 9 studies, 3 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2014: 6 studies, 1 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2015: 10 studies, 4 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome20152016: 13 studies, 5 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2017: 17 studies, 11 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2018: 11 studies, 8 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2019: 12 studies, 1 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2020: 10 studies, 5 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome20202021: 10 studies, 4 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2022: 7 studies, 2 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2023: 8 studies, 3 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2024: 8 studies, 4 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome2025: 12 studies, 9 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome20252026: 12 studies, 5 naming the Letter-Number Sequencing Task in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 1 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200010
200100
200233
200311
200430
200564
200600
200721
200810
200940
201082
201132
201262
201393
201461
2015104
2016135
20171711
2018118
2019121
2020105
2021104
202272
202383
202484
2025129
2026125

Library tests named most

  • Letter-Number Sequencing Task184 studies, 80 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test78 studies, 30 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning75 studies, 37 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test71 studies, 29 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Fluency56 studies, 26 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test47 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding37 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Continuous Performance Test29 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Scan Task23 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Category Fluency20 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 9, other 175. Interventional 171, observational 13.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeThe Letter-Number Sequencing Task

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07830134Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestSecondary3 years
  • N-Back TaskPrimary3 years
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskSecondary3 years
NCT07813156Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsParkinson's diseaseParticipants24Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary
  • Digit Span TestSecondary
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary
  • Clock Drawing TaskSecondary
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskSecondary
  • Selective Reminding TaskSecondary
  • Line Angle MatchingSecondary
NCT07772765Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants216Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestOther outcome4 months
  • Verbal LearningOther outcome4 months
  • N-Back TaskSecondary4 months
  • Picture Naming TestOther outcome4 months
  • Matrix ReasoningOther outcome4 months
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskSecondary4 months
  • Digits-in-Noise TaskPrimary4 months
  • Gap Detection TaskSecondary10 weeks
NCT07693686Start2027PhaseNot applicableConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants176Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningOther outcome10 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome10 weeks
  • Digit Span TestOther outcome10 weeks
  • Continuous Performance TestOther outcome10 weeks
  • Choice Reaction TimeOther outcome10 weeks
  • AX Continuous Performance TestOther outcome10 weeks
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskOther outcome10 weeks
NCT07688564Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetes, Pain and fatigueParticipants156Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskSecondary6 months
NCT07532460Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskPrimary
  • Paired Associate LearningPrimary
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary
NCT07511439Start2026PhasePhase 4ConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestOther outcome12 months
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome12 months
  • Symbol CodingOther outcome12 months
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallOther outcome12 months
  • Simple Reaction TimeOther outcome12 months
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionOther outcome12 months
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskOther outcome12 months
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningOther outcome12 months
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftOther outcome12 months
NCT07498426Start2026PhasePhase 3ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants300Lead sponsorIndustryStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary17 months
  • Category FluencySecondary17 months
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskSecondary17 months
NCT07478458Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHDParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondarysame day
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondarysame day
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskSecondarysame day
  • Symbol Scan TaskSecondarysame day
NCT07404085Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Depression and bipolar disorderParticipants160Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary8 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary8 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary8 weeks
  • Tower PlanningPrimary8 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingPrimary8 weeks
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionPrimary8 weeks
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary8 weeks
  • Spatial Working MemoryPrimary8 weeks
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningPrimary8 weeks
NCT07398781Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants500Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary1 week
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimary1 week
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary1 week
NCT07377500Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCognitive impairment and declineParticipants356Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary12 months
NCT07374705Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants150Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary
  • Verbal LearningPrimary
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary
  • Digit Span TestPrimary
  • Symbol CodingPrimary
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary
NCT07355387Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants75Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary1 week
  • Symbol CodingPrimary1 week
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary1 week
NCT07190365Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary6 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary6 months
NCT07164768Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants400Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary3 years
  • Verbal LearningPrimary3 years
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary3 years
  • Digit Span TestPrimary3 years
  • Category FluencyPrimary3 years
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary3 years
  • Matrix ReasoningPrimary3 years
  • Cancellation TestPrimary3 years
  • Simple Reaction TimePrimary3 years
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary3 years
  • Finger Tapping TaskPrimary3 years
  • Symbol Scan TaskPrimary3 years
  • Token Commands TaskPrimary3 years
NCT07147894Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHDParticipants780Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskOther outcome7 months
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimary7 months
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimary7 months
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary7 months
  • AX Continuous Performance TestWording unclear
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary7 months
NCT07139210Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHDParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestPrimary13 weeks
  • Matrix ReasoningPrimary13 weeks
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary13 weeks
  • Symbol Scan TaskPrimary13 weeks
NCT06857994Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsObesity and diabetes, Cardiovascular diseaseParticipants101Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary
  • Verbal LearningPrimary
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary
  • Digit Span TestPrimary
  • Symbol CodingPrimary
  • N-Back TaskSecondary
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary
NCT06799403Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants220Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary6 months
NCT06773416Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairment, Aging, frailty and exercise, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants206Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary7 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary7 months
  • Digit Span TestPrimary7 months
  • Symbol CodingPrimary7 months
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary7 months
NCT06719297Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairmentParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestPrimary10 weeks
  • Symbol CodingPrimary10 weeks
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimary10 weeks
  • Paced Visual Serial Addition TestPrimary10 weeks
  • AX Continuous Performance TestWording unclear
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary10 weeks
NCT06665113Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsParkinson's diseaseParticipants12Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningOther outcome1 week
  • Symbol CodingOther outcome1 week
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskOther outcome1 week
  • Line Angle MatchingOther outcome1 week
NCT06473987Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants135Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary10 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary10 weeks
  • Symbol CodingPrimary10 weeks
  • Paced Visual Serial Addition TestPrimary10 weeks
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary10 weeks
NCT06423651Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants160Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknown

Paper

Library tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Continuous Performance TestSecondary6 months
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary6 months
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary6 months
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondary6 months
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskSecondary6 months
  • Indirect Hints TaskSecondary6 months

Page 1 of 8

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use the Letter-Number Sequencing Task?

184 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 80 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use the Letter-Number Sequencing Task?

Most often in schizophrenia and psychosis (29), brain injury and concussion (17) and depression and bipolar disorder (16).

Do new trials use the Letter-Number Sequencing Task more or less?

0.6% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.4% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 55% smaller.

Which tests do trials use with the Letter-Number Sequencing Task?

The Digit Span Test (78 studies), Verbal Learning (75 studies) and the Trail Making Test (71 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 trials that use the Letter-Number Sequencing Task enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 60 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 33 to 97. 20 of them give a size.

When do trials measure the Letter-Number Sequencing Task?

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Letter-Number Sequencing Task are measured within 12 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 5 weeks to 6 months. 72 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use the Letter-Number Sequencing Task have reported results?

59 of the 106 completed studies that name it, 56%, have reported results: 32 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 38 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 11 did both. The other 47 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Letter-Number Sequencing Task: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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