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Clinical trials data

Indirect Hints Task in clinical trials: 33 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names the Indirect Hints Task in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
33
Name it in a primary outcome, 27%
9 of 33
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.2% in 2016 to 2020
0.2%
By year
Median participants per study
56
By phase
Try the Indirect Hints Task

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Schizophrenia and psychosis27 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  2. Autism3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  3. Depression and bipolar disorder2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  4. Stroke1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  5. Brain injury and concussion1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  6. Substance use and addiction1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  7. Huntington's disease1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

The Indirect Hints Task is a primary outcome in 27% of its studies. Across the 9 social cognition tests with a page here, the median is 50%.
  1. Social Slips Stories Task58% of 24 studies

  2. Emotion Regulation Task55% of 56 studies

  3. Scrambled Sentences Test55% of 20 studies

  4. Trust Game54% of 26 studies

  5. Approach-Avoidance Task50% of 28 studies

  6. Ball-Toss Game45% of 33 studies

  7. Implicit Association Test (IAT)37% of 113 studies

  8. Emoji Emotion Recognition35% of 187 studies

  9. Indirect Hints Task27% of 33 studies

Studies by start year

0.2% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.2% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 4 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200711
200800
200900
201000
201100
201221
201310
201400
201540
201621
201700
201830
201931
202010
202120
202241
202331
202421
202522
202630

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Phase 12 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 21 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable25 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Observational5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100
  • Not applicable50 median, 35 to 87
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names the Indirect Hints Task, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable245035 to 87

When trials measure it

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day6 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks3 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months10 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months8 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months2 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years3 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given1 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

32 of the 33 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting7 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Completed15 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown7 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral27 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Drug3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Device2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • None given1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States9 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Spain8 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Canada4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • France3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Chile1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Germany1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Ireland1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Israel1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Norway1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Poland1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

13 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 4 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name the Indirect Hints Task: 3 of 15, 20%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name the Indirect Hints Task and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name the Indirect Hints TaskEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper0, 0%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only0, 0%1,139, 14%
A results paper only3, 20%1,711, 22%
Neither12, 80%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming the Indirect Hints Task name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Trail Making Test10 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Emoji Emotion Recognition10 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Verbal Fluency5 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Digit Span Test4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Card Sorting Test (Berg)4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Matrix Reasoning4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    N-Back Task3 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Continuous Performance Test3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Stroop Color-Word Test3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Verbal Learning3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for the Indirect Hints Task and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Indirect Hints Task33 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Trail Making Test2,281 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Emoji Emotion Recognition186 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Verbal Fluency1,737 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearIndirect Hints TaskTrail Making TestEmoji Emotion RecognitionVerbal Fluency
20000201
20010001
20020303
20030804
200401019
2005014019
200601409
2007121222
2008017118
2009029329
2010032229
2011047436
2012244134
2013160358
2014066459
2015485579
201621031385
201701221193
201831179107
2019315512121
202011221190
2021217218131
2022418816123
2023322816147
2024221114130
2025221019167
2026320121133

Explore the 33 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestThe Indirect Hints Task

33 studies match. 9 name the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome. Median size 56 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 6 weeks.

Loading 33 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
012342000: 0 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2007: 1 studies, 1 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2012: 2 studies, 1 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2013: 1 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2014: 0 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2015: 4 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome20152016: 2 studies, 1 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2017: 0 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2018: 3 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2019: 3 studies, 1 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2020: 1 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome20202021: 2 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2022: 4 studies, 1 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2023: 3 studies, 1 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2024: 2 studies, 1 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome2025: 2 studies, 2 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome20252026: 3 studies, 0 naming the Indirect Hints Task in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200711
200800
200900
201000
201100
201221
201310
201400
201540
201621
201700
201830
201931
202010
202120
202241
202331
202421
202522
202630

Library tests named most

  • Indirect Hints Task33 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test10 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Emoji Emotion Recognition10 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Fluency5 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Matrix Reasoning4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • N-Back Task3 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Continuous Performance Test3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

Conditions

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: other 33. Interventional 28, observational 5.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeThe Indirect Hints Task

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07602712Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Indirect Hints TaskSecondarysame day
  • Social Slips Stories TaskPrimarysame day
NCT07290738Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Category FluencySecondary4 weeks
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary4 weeks
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondary4 weeks
  • Indirect Hints TaskSecondary4 weeks
NCT07091344Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary6 months
  • Digit Span TestPrimary6 months
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary6 months
  • Vocabulary TestWording unclear
  • Indirect Hints TaskPrimary6 months
NCT07006935Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskPrimary6 months
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimary6 months
  • AX Continuous Performance TestPrimary6 months
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondary6 months
  • Indirect Hints TaskSecondary6 months
NCT06774443Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsHuntington's diseaseParticipants52Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Indirect Hints TaskPrimary
NCT06603922Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants252Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondary6 months
  • Indirect Hints TaskSecondary6 months
NCT06423651Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants160Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknown

Paper

Library tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Continuous Performance TestSecondary6 months
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary6 months
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary6 months
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondary6 months
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskSecondary6 months
  • Indirect Hints TaskSecondary6 months
NCT05973110Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants52Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondary13 weeks
  • Indirect Hints TaskSecondary13 weeks
NCT05949086Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsAutismParticipants234Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Indirect Hints TaskPrimary6 weeks
NCT05866328Start2019PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Indirect Hints TaskPrimary12 months
  • Social Slips Stories TaskPrimary12 months
  • Mental State Stories TaskPrimary12 months
NCT05731414Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants360Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary18 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary18 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary18 months
  • Indirect Hints TaskSecondary18 months
NCT05565482Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsAutismParticipants44Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Indirect Hints TaskPrimary6 weeks
NCT05455593Start2021PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary13 weeks
  • Indirect Hints TaskSecondary13 weeks
  • Beads TaskPrimary13 weeks
NCT05358457Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants48Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestOther outcomesame day
  • Task Switching TestOther outcomesame day
  • Indirect Hints TaskSecondarysame day
NCT05309005Start2022PhaseObservationalConditionsStroke, Brain injury and concussionParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondarysame day
  • Digit Span TestSecondarysame day
  • Continuous Performance TestSecondarysame day
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondarysame day
  • Indirect Hints TaskSecondarysame day
NCT04916626Start2021PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Depression and bipolar disorder, Substance use and addictionParticipants284Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome2 years
  • Indirect Hints TaskOther outcome2 years
NCT04429412Start2015PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants70Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestOther outcomesame day
  • Verbal LearningOther outcomesame day
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Other outcomesame day
  • Task Switching TestOther outcomesame day
  • Indirect Hints TaskSecondarysame day
NCT04273685Start2019PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknown

Paper

Library tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary5 months
  • Short Story RecallSecondary5 months
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary5 months
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondary5 months
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskSecondary5 months
  • Indirect Hints TaskSecondary5 months
NCT04260763Start2018PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants14Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondary4 weeks
  • Indirect Hints TaskSecondary4 weeks
NCT03970005Start2019PhaseObservationalConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Finger Tapping TaskOther outcome2 years
  • Indirect Hints TaskOther outcome2 years
NCT03900754Start2020PhasePhase 2ConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants26Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped early

Results

Library tests named
  • Indirect Hints TaskOther outcome3 weeks
NCT03820362Start2016PhaseObservationalConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants85Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primarysame day
  • Indirect Hints TaskPrimarysame day
  • Beads TaskSecondarysame day
NCT03543553Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Indirect Hints TaskPrimarysame day
  • Biological Motion TaskPrimarysame day
NCT03446703Start2013PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Indirect Hints TaskSecondary6 months
NCT03434405Start2018PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants27Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary8 weeks
  • Indirect Hints TaskSecondary8 weeks

Page 1 of 2

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use the Indirect Hints Task?

33 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 9 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use the Indirect Hints Task?

Most often in schizophrenia and psychosis (27), autism (3) and depression and bipolar disorder (2).

Which tests do trials use with the Indirect Hints Task?

The Trail Making Test (10 studies), Emoji Emotion Recognition (10 studies) and Verbal Fluency (5 studies).

How many completed trials that use the Indirect Hints Task have reported results?

3 of the 15 completed studies that name it, 20%, have reported results: 0 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 3 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 0 did both. The other 12 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Indirect Hints Task: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

Run the Indirect Hints Task in your trial

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