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Clinical trials data

Approach-Avoidance Task in clinical trials: 28 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names the Approach-Avoidance Task in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
28
Name it in a primary outcome, 50%
14 of 28
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.2% in 2016 to 2020
0.2%
By year
Median participants per study
76
By phase
Try the Approach-Avoidance Task

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Substance use and addiction14 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  2. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  3. Depression and bipolar disorder2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  4. Aging, frailty and exercise2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  5. Sleep and sleep disorders1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  6. Delirium, surgery and intensive care1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  7. Pain and fatigue1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  8. Epilepsy1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  9. Other conditions7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

The Approach-Avoidance Task is a primary outcome in 50% of its studies. Across the 9 social cognition tests with a page here, the median is 50%.
  1. Social Slips Stories Task58% of 24 studies

  2. Emotion Regulation Task55% of 56 studies

  3. Scrambled Sentences Test55% of 20 studies

  4. Trust Game54% of 26 studies

  5. Approach-Avoidance Task50% of 28 studies

  6. Ball-Toss Game45% of 33 studies

  7. Implicit Association Test (IAT)37% of 113 studies

  8. Emoji Emotion Recognition35% of 187 studies

  9. Indirect Hints Task27% of 33 studies

Studies by start year

0.2% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.2% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 3 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 3 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 6 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 5 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200900
201000
201100
201210
201300
201410
201511
201621
201710
201811
201911
202032
202133
202262
202310
202411
202552
202610

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 14 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 22 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable22 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200
  • Not applicable82 median, 45 to 150
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names the Approach-Avoidance Task, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable218245 to 150

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Approach-Avoidance Task are measured within 2 weeks of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 3 weeks. 13 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day5 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks12 outcomes, 8 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months3 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months2 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months4 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given2 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

26 of the 28 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Completed13 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral10 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Drug7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Device5 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Other10 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States10 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Australia3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Canada2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • France2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Germany2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Switzerland2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Italy1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

9 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 2 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name the Approach-Avoidance Task: 5 of 13, 38%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name the Approach-Avoidance Task and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name the Approach-Avoidance TaskEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper1, 8%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only2, 15%1,139, 14%
A results paper only2, 15%1,711, 22%
Neither8, 62%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming the Approach-Avoidance Task name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Dot-Probe Task3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Go/No-Go Task3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Stroop Color-Word Test2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Balloon Risk2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Columbia Card Task2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Antisaccade Task1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Attention Network Test1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Delay Discounting1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Food Choice Task1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Online Grocery Task1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for the Approach-Avoidance Task and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Approach-Avoidance Task28 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Dot-Probe Task148 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Go/No-Go Task699 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Stroop Color-Word Test1,922 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearApproach-Avoidance TaskDot-Probe TaskGo/No-Go TaskStroop Color-Word Test
20000003
20010013
20020025
20030012
20040028
200500011
20060016
200700113
200802415
200900516
201001829
2011011331
2012131332
2013071942
2014122264
2015172467
2016293485
20171153779
201811140103
201912246119
20203113299
202131362151
20226960168
20231667198
20241964182
202551277198
20261864193

Explore the 28 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestThe Approach-Avoidance Task

28 studies match. 14 name the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome. Median size 76 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 2 weeks.

Loading 28 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
02462000: 0 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2012: 1 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2013: 0 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2014: 1 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2015: 1 studies, 1 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome20152016: 2 studies, 1 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2017: 1 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2018: 1 studies, 1 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2019: 1 studies, 1 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2020: 3 studies, 2 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome20202021: 3 studies, 3 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2022: 6 studies, 2 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2023: 1 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2024: 1 studies, 1 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome2025: 5 studies, 2 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome20252026: 1 studies, 0 naming the Approach-Avoidance Task in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200900
201000
201100
201210
201300
201410
201511
201621
201710
201811
201911
202032
202133
202262
202310
202411
202552
202610

Library tests named most

  • Approach-Avoidance Task28 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Dot-Probe Task3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Go/No-Go Task3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Balloon Risk2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Columbia Card Task2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Antisaccade Task1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Attention Network Test1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Delay Discounting1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Food Choice Task1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

Conditions

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: other 28. Interventional 28.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeThe Approach-Avoidance Task

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07778511Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants72Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskSecondary
NCT07600606Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants682Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskPrimary3 days
  • Online Grocery TaskPrimary3 days
NCT07203443Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants960Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Attention Network TestPrimarysame day
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskPrimarysame day
NCT07017023Start2025PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants76Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskSecondary1 week
NCT06843161Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskSecondary7 months
NCT06798636Start2025PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Dot-Probe TaskSecondary5 months
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningSecondary5 months
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskSecondary5 months
NCT06211959Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants190Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskPrimary2 weeks
NCT05728983Start2021PhaseNot applicableConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants150Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary3 weeks
  • Psychomotor Vigilance TaskSecondary3 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingPrimary3 weeks
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskPrimary3 weeks
  • Food Choice TaskPrimary3 weeks
NCT05704660Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants216Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskSecondarysame day
NCT05416138Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants26Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskPrimarysame day
NCT05387148Start2022PhasePhase 2ConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknown

Paper

Library tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 weeks
  • N-Back TaskSecondary6 weeks
  • Balloon RiskSecondary6 weeks
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskSecondary6 weeks
  • Columbia Card TaskSecondary6 weeks
NCT05306158Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants107Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskSecondary5 weeks
NCT05232032Start2025PhasePhase 2ConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants112Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskPrimary
NCT05120856Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants82Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

ResultsPaper 1Paper 2

Library tests named
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskSecondary4 weeks
NCT04923256Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants188Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskSecondary4 weeks
NCT04436926Start2021PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addiction, Pain and fatigueParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskPrimary3 weeks
NCT04299373Start2020PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsDelirium, surgery and intensive careParticipants3Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskPrimarysame day
NCT04283305Start2020PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants135Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskOther outcome12 weeks
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskOther outcome12 weeks
NCT04252755Start2020PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipantsNot givenLead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Balloon RiskSecondary2 weeks
  • Purchase TaskPrimary2 weeks
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskPrimary2 weeks
NCT03825627Start2019PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants76Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Antisaccade TaskPrimary10 months
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskPrimary10 months
NCT03765476Start2018PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants125Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary3 weeks
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskPrimary3 weeks
NCT03325777Start2017PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants96Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskSecondary4 months
NCT02988453Start2016PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants45Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskSecondary12 months
  • Trust GameSecondary12 months
NCT02481752Start2015PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants52Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskPrimary2 weeks
NCT02469259Start2016PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsSubstance use and addiction, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants88Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Dot-Probe TaskPrimary1 week
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskPrimary1 week
  • Symmetry Span TaskPrimary1 week

Page 1 of 2

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use the Approach-Avoidance Task?

28 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 14 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use the Approach-Avoidance Task?

Most often in substance use and addiction (14), anxiety, PTSD and OCD (4) and depression and bipolar disorder (2).

Which tests do trials use with the Approach-Avoidance Task?

The Dot-Probe Task (3 studies), the Go/No-Go Task (3 studies) and the Stroop Color-Word Test (2 studies).

When do trials measure the Approach-Avoidance Task?

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Approach-Avoidance Task are measured within 2 weeks of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 3 weeks. 13 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use the Approach-Avoidance Task have reported results?

5 of the 13 completed studies that name it, 38%, have reported results: 3 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 3 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 1 did both. The other 8 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Approach-Avoidance Task: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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