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  1. Home
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  3. /Clinical trials
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  5. /Trust Game

Clinical trials data

Trust Game in clinical trials: 26 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names the Trust Game in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
26
Name it in a primary outcome, 54%
14 of 26
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.2% in 2016 to 2020
0.1%
By year
Median participants per study
86
By phase
Try the Trust Game

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Schizophrenia and psychosis6 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  2. Healthy volunteers6 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  3. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  4. Depression and bipolar disorder4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  5. Cognitive impairment and decline1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  6. Substance use and addiction1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  7. Other conditions8 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

The Trust Game is a primary outcome in 54% of its studies. Across the 9 social cognition tests with a page here, the median is 50%.
  1. Social Slips Stories Task58% of 24 studies

  2. Emotion Regulation Task55% of 56 studies

  3. Scrambled Sentences Test55% of 20 studies

  4. Trust Game54% of 26 studies

  5. Approach-Avoidance Task50% of 28 studies

  6. Ball-Toss Game45% of 33 studies

  7. Implicit Association Test (IAT)37% of 113 studies

  8. Emoji Emotion Recognition35% of 187 studies

  9. Indirect Hints Task27% of 33 studies

Studies by start year

0.1% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.2% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 3 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200910
201011
201110
201200
201311
201432
201500
201620
201722
201810
201922
202000
202111
202210
202341
202421
202510
202622

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Phase 12 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/21 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 24 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable13 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Observational6 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200
  • Not applicable108 median, 60 to 325
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names the Trust Game, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable1310860 to 325

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Trust Game are measured within 1 week of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 4 weeks. 13 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day9 outcomes, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks5 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months4 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months1 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months4 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years1 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given2 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

24 of the 26 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Completed12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral12 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Drug8 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Device1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Other2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • None given3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States13 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Germany4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • France2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Mexico1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Singapore1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Spain1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Switzerland1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

9 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 1 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name the Trust Game: 7 of 12, 58%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name the Trust Game and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name the Trust GameEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper0, 0%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only4, 33%1,139, 14%
A results paper only3, 25%1,711, 22%
Neither5, 42%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming the Trust Game name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Probabilistic Reversal Learning5 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Cue Blocking Task4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Dictator Game3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Verbal Learning3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Emoji Emotion Recognition3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Stop-Signal Task2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Task Switching Test2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Ball-Toss Game2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Rapid Visual Information Processing2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Trail Making Test2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for the Trust Game and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Trust Game25 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Probabilistic Reversal Learning65 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Verbal Learning1,819 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Emoji Emotion Recognition186 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearTrust GameProbabilistic Reversal LearningVerbal LearningEmoji Emotion Recognition
20000010
20010050
20020080
200300140
200400141
200500170
200600130
200700222
200800281
200910283
201010422
201111334
201202421
201310533
201430824
201500915
2016219813
20172710711
201813929
20192312212
2020067611
20211313718
20221613816
20234215716
202421014414
20251913219
202621212321

Explore the 26 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestThe Trust Game

26 studies match. 14 name the Trust Game in a primary outcome. Median size 86 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 1 week.

Loading 26 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
012342000: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2009: 1 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2010: 1 studies, 1 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome20102011: 1 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2013: 1 studies, 1 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2014: 3 studies, 2 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2015: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome20152016: 2 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2017: 2 studies, 2 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2018: 1 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2019: 2 studies, 2 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2020: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome20202021: 1 studies, 1 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2022: 1 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2023: 4 studies, 1 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2024: 2 studies, 1 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome2025: 1 studies, 0 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome20252026: 2 studies, 2 naming the Trust Game in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 1 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200910
201011
201110
201200
201311
201432
201500
201620
201722
201810
201922
202000
202111
202210
202341
202421
202510
202622

Library tests named most

  • Trust Game26 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Probabilistic Reversal Learning5 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Cue Blocking Task4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Dictator Game3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Emoji Emotion Recognition3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Stop-Signal Task2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Task Switching Test2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Ball-Toss Game2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Rapid Visual Information Processing2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

Conditions

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: other 26. Interventional 20, observational 6.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeThe Trust Game

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07900893Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Healthy volunteersParticipants10,000Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Trust GamePrimarysame day
  • Cue Blocking TaskPrimarysame day
NCT07875790Start2028PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Healthy volunteersParticipants325Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Trust GamePrimarysame day
  • Cue Blocking TaskPrimarysame day
NCT07853807Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Healthy volunteersParticipants325Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Trust GamePrimarysame day
  • Cue Blocking TaskPrimarysame day
NCT06835556Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimary16 weeks
  • Trust GameSecondary
  • Cue Blocking TaskSecondary
NCT06286930Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants15Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Ball-Toss GamePrimary12 months
  • Trust GamePrimary12 months
NCT06198023Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Ball-Toss GameSecondary12 months
  • Trust GameSecondary12 months
NCT06114290Start2023PhaseObservationalConditionsCognitive impairment and declineParticipants1,150Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Trust GameSecondary16 months
  • Dictator GameSecondary16 months
NCT06081179Start2023PhasePhase 1ConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants122Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trust GamePrimary4 weeks
NCT05963581Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants121Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trust GameSecondary8 weeks
  • Word Valence Memory TaskSecondary8 weeks
NCT05670184Start2023PhasePhase 1/2ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Mnemonic Similarity TaskSecondary2 days
  • Trust GameSecondarysame day
NCT05611788Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants108Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary1 week
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary1 week
  • Verbal FluencySecondary1 week
  • Digit Span TestPrimary1 week
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary1 week
  • Task Switching TestPrimary1 week
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimary1 week
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimary1 week
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftPrimary1 week
  • Block Copy TestSecondary1 week
  • Trust GameSecondary8 weeks
  • Reading Span TaskPrimary1 week
  • Alternative Uses TaskSecondary1 week
  • Social Value OrientationSecondary8 weeks
  • Remote Associates TestSecondary1 week
NCT04770038Start2021PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants87Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Psychomotor Vigilance TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Trust GamePrimary4 weeks
  • Face Impressions TaskPrimary4 weeks
NCT04137432Start2019PhasePhase 1ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Trust GamePrimary7 weeks
NCT04067076Start2019PhaseObservationalConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Substance use and addiction, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants30,000Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknown

Paper

Library tests named
  • Trust GamePrimarysame day
NCT03395314Start2018PhasePhase 2ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants22Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped early

Results

Library tests named
  • Implicit Association Test (IAT)Other outcome4 weeks
  • Trust GameSecondary4 weeks
NCT03383536Start2017PhaseObservationalConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants168Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Trust GamePrimary
NCT03239990Start2016PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants101Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Trust GameSecondary4 months
  • Dictator GameSecondary4 months
NCT02988453Start2016PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants45Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskSecondary12 months
  • Trust GameSecondary12 months
NCT02737540Start2017PhaseObservationalConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants85Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary1 week
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary1 week
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondary1 week
  • Iowa Gambling LitePrimary1 week
  • Trust GamePrimary1 week
  • Ultimatum GamePrimary1 week
NCT02671266Start2014PhasePhase 2ConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants41Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Trust GameSecondarysame day
  • Posner CueingSecondarysame day
  • Scrambled Sentences TestSecondarysame day
NCT02225600Start2014PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Trust GamePrimary4 weeks
NCT02214511Start2014PhaseObservationalConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trust GamePrimarysame day
NCT01833104Start2013PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants332Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper 1Paper 2Paper 3Paper 4Paper 5

Library tests named
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimary10 months
  • Task Switching TestPrimary10 months
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimary10 months
  • Choice Reaction TimePrimary10 months
  • Trust GamePrimary10 months
  • Dictator GamePrimary10 months
  • Social Value OrientationSecondary10 months
  • Attentional Blink TaskPrimary10 months
  • Social Discounting TaskPrimary10 months
  • Beat Alignment TaskPrimary10 months
NCT01244477Start2011PhaseNot applicableConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants61Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Trust GameSecondary12 weeks
NCT01100775Start2010PhasePhase 2ConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants12Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingPrimarysame day
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondarysame day
  • Trust GamePrimarysame day

Page 1 of 2

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use the Trust Game?

26 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 14 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use the Trust Game?

Most often in schizophrenia and psychosis (6), healthy volunteers (6) and anxiety, PTSD and OCD (5).

Which tests do trials use with the Trust Game?

Probabilistic Reversal Learning (5 studies), the Cue Blocking Task (4 studies) and the Dictator Game (3 studies).

When do trials measure the Trust Game?

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Trust Game are measured within 1 week of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 4 weeks. 13 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use the Trust Game have reported results?

7 of the 12 completed studies that name it, 58%, have reported results: 4 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 3 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 0 did both. The other 5 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Trust Game: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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