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    1. Verbal Fluency TestGradeA
    2. Stroop Color-Word TestGradeA
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    16,361Registered studies name a cognitive test in an outcome measure11,688 name a test you can run hereExplore the studies
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  5. /Verbal Fluency

Clinical trials data

Verbal Fluency in clinical trials: 1,745 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Verbal Fluency in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
1,745
Name it in a primary outcome, 37%
640 of 1,745
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 11.1% in 2016 to 2020
9.9%
By year
Median participants per study
65
By phase
Try Verbal Fluency

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Dementia and Alzheimer's248 studies, 95 as a primary outcome

  2. Cancer200 studies, 64 as a primary outcome

  3. Mild cognitive impairment177 studies, 70 as a primary outcome

  4. Depression and bipolar disorder154 studies, 43 as a primary outcome

  5. Parkinson's disease140 studies, 45 as a primary outcome

  6. Aging, frailty and exercise136 studies, 55 as a primary outcome

  7. Stroke110 studies, 43 as a primary outcome

  8. Schizophrenia and psychosis107 studies, 34 as a primary outcome

  9. Brain injury and concussion86 studies, 39 as a primary outcome

  10. Cognitive impairment and decline63 studies, 35 as a primary outcome

  11. Obesity and diabetes63 studies, 30 as a primary outcome

  12. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD61 studies, 23 as a primary outcome

  13. Cardiovascular disease61 studies, 21 as a primary outcome

  14. Multiple sclerosis58 studies, 20 as a primary outcome

  15. Sleep and sleep disorders58 studies, 20 as a primary outcome

  16. Pain and fatigue53 studies, 17 as a primary outcome

  17. Delirium, surgery and intensive care46 studies, 20 as a primary outcome

  18. Healthy volunteers39 studies, 13 as a primary outcome

  19. Substance use and addiction29 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  20. COVID-19 and long COVID24 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  21. Huntington's disease22 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  22. Epilepsy17 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  23. Autism14 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  24. Lung disease13 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  25. ADHD12 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  26. Hearing loss3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  27. Other conditions194 studies, 64 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

Verbal Fluency is a primary outcome in 37% of its studies. Across the 30 executive function tests with a page here, the median is 37%.
  1. Cue Reactivity Task56% of 188 studies

  2. Stroop Color-Word Test41% of 1,929 studies

  3. Tower Planning40% of 247 studies

  4. Task Switching Test40% of 334 studies

  5. Dimensional Change Card Sort38% of 214 studies

  6. Verbal Fluency37% of 1,745 studies

  7. Delay Discounting36% of 257 studies

  8. Clock Drawing Task35% of 281 studies

  9. Matrix Reasoning35% of 272 studies

  10. Card Sorting Test (Berg)34% of 411 studies

  11. Trail Making Test31% of 2,293 studies

  12. AX Continuous Performance Test17% of 191 studies

Studies by start year

9.9% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 11.1% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
01002000: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 3 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 4 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 9 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 19 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 9 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 22 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 18 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 29 studies, 10 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 29 studies, 9 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 36 studies, 14 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 34 studies, 15 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 58 studies, 23 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 59 studies, 21 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 79 studies, 30 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 85 studies, 27 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 93 studies, 36 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 107 studies, 32 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 121 studies, 51 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 90 studies, 40 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 131 studies, 54 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 123 studies, 36 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 147 studies, 61 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 130 studies, 44 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 167 studies, 61 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 133 studies, 47 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200010
200110
200232
200340
200491
2005198
200692
2007227
2008186
20092910
2010299
20113614
20123415
20135823
20145921
20157930
20168527
20179336
201810732
201912151
20209040
202113154
202212336
202314761
202413044
202516761
202613347

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 116 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 144 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/228 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2182 studies, 54 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/315 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 371 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 467 studies, 21 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable1,039 studies, 385 as a primary outcome
  • Observational283 studies, 133 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200500
  • Early phase 121 median, 14 to 35
  • Phase 127 median, 12 to 45
  • Phase 1/233 median, 21 to 60
  • Phase 260 median, 34 to 120
  • Phase 2/360 median, 34 to 92
  • Phase 3298 median, 110 to 536
  • Phase 479 median, 46 to 197
  • Not applicable60 median, 30 to 108
  • Observational101 median, 60 to 240
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names Verbal Fluency, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Early phase 1152114 to 35
Phase 1412712 to 45
Phase 1/2273321 to 60
Phase 21766034 to 120
Phase 2/3156034 to 92
Phase 371298110 to 536
Phase 4667946 to 197
Not applicable1,0226030 to 108
Observational27810160 to 240

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Fluency are measured within 13 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 6 weeks to 6 months. 599 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day174 outcomes, 71 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks202 outcomes, 70 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months478 outcomes, 194 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months330 outcomes, 117 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months256 outcomes, 79 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years111 outcomes, 39 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years94 outcomes, 29 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given100 outcomes, 41 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

1,645 of the 1,745 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting317 studies, 117 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting107 studies, 41 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting98 studies, 33 as a primary outcome
  • Completed808 studies, 311 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early132 studies, 41 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown283 studies, 97 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral442 studies, 175 as a primary outcome
  • Drug387 studies, 119 as a primary outcome
  • Device338 studies, 105 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement74 studies, 27 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure82 studies, 28 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test46 studies, 20 as a primary outcome
  • Biological32 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Radiation60 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product9 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Genetic3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Other487 studies, 182 as a primary outcome
  • None given116 studies, 62 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States639 studies, 241 as a primary outcome
  • Canada127 studies, 26 as a primary outcome
  • Spain122 studies, 53 as a primary outcome
  • France112 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Italy104 studies, 34 as a primary outcome
  • China82 studies, 30 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom72 studies, 23 as a primary outcome
  • Germany68 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Brazil56 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark53 studies, 15 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands51 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Türkiye49 studies, 27 as a primary outcome

74 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 106 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name Verbal Fluency: 428 of 808, 53%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name Verbal Fluency and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name Verbal FluencyEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper107, 13%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only145, 18%1,139, 14%
A results paper only176, 22%1,711, 22%
Neither380, 47%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming Verbal Fluency name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Trail Making Test728 studies, 236 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Verbal Learning608 studies, 239 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Digit Span Test527 studies, 177 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Stroop Color-Word Test404 studies, 161 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Category Fluency335 studies, 133 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Symbol Coding293 studies, 116 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Picture Naming Test206 studies, 81 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Complex Figure Copy and Recall133 studies, 52 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Clock Drawing Task109 studies, 41 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Short Story Recall107 studies, 50 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for Verbal Fluency and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Verbal Fluency1,737 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Trail Making Test2,281 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Verbal Learning1,819 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Digit Span Test1,619 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearVerbal FluencyTrail Making TestVerbal LearningDigit Span Test
20001213
20011052
20023381
200348144
2004910144
20051914177
2006914134
200722212214
200818172819
200929292822
201029324237
201136473326
201234444236
201358605344
201459668249
201579859179
2016851039869
20179312210782
20181071179285
2019121155122110
2020901227690
2021131172137122
2022123188138121
2023147228157164
2024130211144141
2025167210132147
2026133201123137

Explore the 1,745 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestVerbal Fluency

1,745 studies match. 640 name Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome. Median size 65 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 13 weeks.

Loading 1,745 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
0501001502002000: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20002001: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2002: 3 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2003: 4 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2004: 9 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2005: 19 studies, 8 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20052006: 9 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2007: 22 studies, 7 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2008: 18 studies, 6 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2009: 29 studies, 10 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2010: 29 studies, 9 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20102011: 36 studies, 14 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2012: 34 studies, 15 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2013: 58 studies, 23 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2014: 59 studies, 21 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2015: 79 studies, 30 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20152016: 85 studies, 27 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2017: 93 studies, 36 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2018: 107 studies, 32 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2019: 121 studies, 51 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2020: 90 studies, 40 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20202021: 131 studies, 54 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2022: 123 studies, 36 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2023: 147 studies, 61 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2024: 130 studies, 44 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2025: 167 studies, 61 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20252026: 133 studies, 47 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 2 that started before 2000 and 6 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200010
200110
200232
200340
200491
2005198
200692
2007227
2008186
20092910
2010299
20113614
20123415
20135823
20145921
20157930
20168527
20179336
201810732
201912151
20209040
202113154
202212336
202314761
202413044
202516761
202613347

Library tests named most

  • Verbal Fluency1,745 studies, 640 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test728 studies, 236 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning608 studies, 239 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test527 studies, 177 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test404 studies, 161 as a primary outcome
  • Category Fluency335 studies, 133 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding293 studies, 116 as a primary outcome
  • Picture Naming Test206 studies, 81 as a primary outcome
  • Complex Figure Copy and Recall133 studies, 52 as a primary outcome
  • Clock Drawing Task109 studies, 41 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 139, NIH 7, other 1,599. Interventional 1,462, observational 283.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeVerbal Fluency

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07908147Start2027PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsCancerParticipants12Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary5 years
  • Verbal LearningSecondary5 years
  • Verbal FluencySecondary5 years
  • Digit Span TestSecondary5 years
NCT07902206Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Huntington's diseaseParticipants88Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Symbol CodingSecondary6 months
NCT07899528Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants112Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary2 weeks
NCT07883148Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairmentParticipants52Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary8 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary8 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary8 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary8 months
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary8 months
NCT07882433Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Paced Visual Serial Addition TestSecondary6 months
NCT07872189Start2027PhaseNot applicableConditionsCognitive impairment and declineParticipants136Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 months
NCT07867886Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants30Lead sponsorIndustryStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
NCT07867015Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary4 weeks
NCT07857122Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants108Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary5 months
NCT07856381Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Healthy volunteersParticipants180Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary2 years
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionPrimary2 years
NCT07855874Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants300Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Category FluencyPrimary6 months
NCT07853079Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants88Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary8 weeks
  • Monetary Incentive DelaySecondary8 weeks
NCT07842302Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosis, Pain and fatigueParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Symbol CodingPrimary6 months
  • Paced Visual Serial Addition TestSecondary6 months
  • Selective Reminding TaskSecondary6 months
NCT07842146Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairmentParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary11 months
  • Symbol CodingSecondary11 months
  • Category FluencySecondary11 months
  • Delayed Recall ModuleSecondary11 months
NCT07841145Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants68Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary13 weeks
NCT07832695Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsParkinson's diseaseParticipants90Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary8 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary8 weeks
NCT07831681Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants16Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
NCT07818733Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondarysame day
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimarysame day
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondarysame day
NCT07815964Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsParkinson's diseaseParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary
NCT07802392Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCognitive impairment and declineParticipants230Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary1 week
  • Digit Span TestPrimary1 week
NCT07793604Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants180Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary9 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary9 weeks
  • N-Back TaskSecondary9 weeks
  • Delayed Match-to-SampleSecondary9 weeks
NCT07792811Start2026PhasePhase 2/3ConditionsStrokeParticipants84Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary14 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary14 weeks
  • Line Bisection TestSecondary14 weeks
  • Design Fluency TestSecondary14 weeks
  • Token Commands TaskSecondary14 weeks
NCT07788859Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimarysame day
NCT07777419Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsParkinson's diseaseParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondarysame day
  • Verbal FluencyPrimarysame day
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondarysame day
  • Category FluencyPrimarysame day
NCT07775781Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants300Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Clock Drawing TaskPrimary6 months

Page 1 of 70

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use Verbal Fluency?

1,745 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 640 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use Verbal Fluency?

Most often in dementia and Alzheimer's disease (248), cancer (200) and mild cognitive impairment (177).

Do new trials use Verbal Fluency more or less?

9.9% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 11.1% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 11% smaller.

Which tests do trials use with Verbal Fluency?

The Trail Making Test (728 studies), Verbal Learning (608 studies) and the Digit Span Test (527 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 trials that use Verbal Fluency enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 60 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 34 to 120. 176 of them give a size.

When do trials measure Verbal Fluency?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Fluency are measured within 13 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 6 weeks to 6 months. 599 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use Verbal Fluency have reported results?

428 of the 808 completed studies that name it, 53%, have reported results: 252 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 283 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 107 did both. The other 380 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Verbal Fluency: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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