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    1. Verbal Fluency TestGradeA
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    16,361Registered studies name a cognitive test in an outcome measure11,688 name a test you can run hereExplore the studies
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  1. Home
  2. /Data
  3. /Clinical trials
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  5. /Obesity and diabetes
  6. /Verbal Fluency

Clinical trials data

Verbal Fluency in obesity and diabetes trials: 63 registered studies

Every registered obesity and diabetes study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Verbal Fluency in an outcome measure: how often it is a primary outcome, the tests named with it, how large the studies are and when they measure it.

Registered obesity and diabetes studies name it in an outcome measure
63
Name it in a primary outcome, 48%
30 of 63
Of the condition's 627 studies name it, against 11% of all registered studies
10%
Other conditions
Median participants per study
80
By phase
Try Verbal Fluency

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that obesity and diabetes studies naming Verbal Fluency name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Trail Making Test34 studies, 16 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Verbal Learning31 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Stroop Color-Word Test20 studies, 13 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Digit Span Test18 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Category Fluency15 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Symbol Coding12 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Complex Figure Copy and Recall9 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Card Sorting Test (Berg)6 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Picture Naming Test6 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Letter-Number Sequencing Task5 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Studies by start year

Each study counted once. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 7 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 6 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 8 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 7 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 11 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200210
200300
200410
200500
200610
200710
200800
200910
201000
201121
201200
201311
201422
201511
201641
201722
201821
201974
202010
202161
202285
202321
202472
2025116
202622

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Phase 13 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 26 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/31 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 43 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable33 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Observational17 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200500
  • Not applicable52 median, 36 to 92
  • Observational138 median, 100 to 400
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per obesity and diabetes study that names Verbal Fluency, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable335236 to 92
Observational17138100 to 400

When obesity and diabetes trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Fluency are measured within 6 months of the start, and the middle half from 12 weeks to 12 months. 27 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day6 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks6 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months17 outcomes, 7 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months10 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months9 outcomes, 7 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years1 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years9 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given5 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

58 of the 63 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting15 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Completed32 studies, 15 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral18 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Drug15 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Device1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement8 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other17 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • None given12 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States31 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Spain8 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Germany3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Canada2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Chile2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • France2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • India2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Mexico2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Pakistan2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Russia2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

33 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 2 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed obesity and diabetes studies that name Verbal Fluency: 17 of 32, 53%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed obesity and diabetes studies that name Verbal Fluency and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted obesity and diabetes studies that name Verbal FluencyEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper3, 9%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only7, 22%1,139, 14%
A results paper only7, 22%1,711, 22%
Neither15, 47%4,327, 54%

The 63 studies

Filter by phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
ConditionObesity and diabetes
TestVerbal Fluency

63 studies match. 30 name Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome. Median size 80 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 6 months.

Loading 63 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
0510152000: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2002: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2004: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20052006: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2007: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2009: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20102011: 2 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2013: 1 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2014: 2 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2015: 1 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20152016: 4 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2017: 2 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2018: 2 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2019: 7 studies, 4 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2020: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20202021: 6 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2022: 8 studies, 5 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2023: 2 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2024: 7 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2025: 11 studies, 6 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20252026: 2 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200210
200300
200410
200500
200610
200710
200800
200910
201000
201121
201200
201311
201422
201511
201641
201722
201821
201974
202010
202161
202285
202321
202472
2025116
202622

Library tests named most

  • Verbal Fluency63 studies, 30 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test34 studies, 16 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning31 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test20 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test18 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Category Fluency15 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding12 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Complex Figure Copy and Recall9 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)6 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Picture Naming Test6 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

Conditions

  • Obesity and diabetes63 studies, 30 as a primary outcome
  • Dementia and Alzheimer's6 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Cardiovascular disease6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Aging, frailty and exercise4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Mild cognitive impairment3 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Sleep and sleep disorders3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Parkinson's disease2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Schizophrenia and psychosis2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Cancer2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Delirium, surgery and intensive care2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Depression and bipolar disorder1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Substance use and addiction1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 4, NIH 1, other 58. Interventional 46, observational 17.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeVerbal Fluency

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07694596Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 months
  • Digit Span TestPrimary12 months
  • Symbol CodingPrimary12 months
  • Category FluencyPrimary12 months
NCT07414914Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary8 weeks
NCT07374705Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants150Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary
  • Verbal LearningPrimary
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary
  • Digit Span TestPrimary
  • Symbol CodingPrimary
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary
NCT07371325Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Obesity and diabetesParticipants36Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 weeks
NCT07284316Start2025PhasePhase 2/3ConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary12 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 months
  • Symbol CodingPrimary12 months
  • Category FluencyPrimary12 months
NCT07164768Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants400Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary3 years
  • Verbal LearningPrimary3 years
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary3 years
  • Digit Span TestPrimary3 years
  • Category FluencyPrimary3 years
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary3 years
  • Matrix ReasoningPrimary3 years
  • Cancellation TestPrimary3 years
  • Simple Reaction TimePrimary3 years
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary3 years
  • Finger Tapping TaskPrimary3 years
  • Symbol Scan TaskPrimary3 years
  • Token Commands TaskPrimary3 years
NCT07140445Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants175Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimarysame day
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimarysame day
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallPrimarysame day
NCT07040748Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants84Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary6 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary6 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Digit Span TestPrimary6 months
  • Symbol CodingPrimary6 months
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimary6 months
  • Category FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary6 months
  • Short Story RecallPrimary6 months
NCT06968728Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsObesity and diabetes, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants400Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary4 years
NCT06869941Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary3 years
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary3 years
  • Verbal LearningSecondary3 years
  • Verbal FluencySecondary3 years
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary3 years
NCT06867198Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetes, Cardiovascular diseaseParticipants72Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Vocabulary TestSecondary6 months
  • Face-name Memory TaskSecondary6 months
NCT06857994Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsObesity and diabetes, Cardiovascular diseaseParticipants101Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary
  • Verbal LearningPrimary
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary
  • Digit Span TestPrimary
  • Symbol CodingPrimary
  • N-Back TaskSecondary
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary
NCT06819371Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants36Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary8 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary8 weeks
NCT06781762Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsCancer, Obesity and diabetesParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestOther outcome6 months
  • Verbal LearningOther outcome6 months
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome6 months
NCT06735651Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 weeks
  • Vocabulary TestSecondarysame day
  • Face-name Memory TaskSecondary6 months
NCT06735599Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetes, Cardiovascular diseaseParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary8 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary8 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Face-name Memory TaskSecondary8 weeks
NCT06649981Start2025PhasePhase 1ConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary5 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary5 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary5 months
NCT06496412Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary6 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary6 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Symbol CodingPrimary6 months
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary6 months
  • Task Switching TestPrimary6 months
  • Clock Drawing TaskPrimary6 months
NCT06471634Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Obesity and diabetes, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants44Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 weeks
NCT06317883Start2019PhaseObservationalConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Obesity and diabetesParticipants1,508Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary10 years
NCT06243172Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsObesity and diabetes, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondarysame day
  • Verbal LearningSecondarysame day
  • Verbal FluencySecondarysame day
  • Symbol CodingSecondarysame day
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskSecondarysame day
NCT06069739Start2016PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants29Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary4 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary4 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary4 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary4 months
  • Category FluencyPrimary4 months
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary4 months
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallPrimary4 months
NCT05997316Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairment, Obesity and diabetesParticipants33Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary12 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Symbol CodingPrimary12 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary12 weeks
NCT05841173Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 weeks
  • Ordered Number Search TaskPrimary12 weeks
NCT05658354Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary12 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 months
  • Digit Span TestPrimary12 months
  • N-Back TaskPrimary12 months
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimary12 months
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimary12 months

Page 1 of 3

Questions, answered from the data

How many obesity and diabetes trials use Verbal Fluency?

63 registered obesity and diabetes studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 30 of them in a primary outcome: 10% of the condition's 627 studies with a cognitive outcome, against 11% of all of them. It is the 5th most named test in obesity and diabetes trials.

Which tests do obesity and diabetes trials use with Verbal Fluency?

The Trail Making Test (34 studies), Verbal Learning (31 studies) and the Stroop Color-Word Test (20 studies).

When do obesity and diabetes trials measure Verbal Fluency?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Fluency are measured within 6 months of the start, and the middle half from 12 weeks to 12 months. 27 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed obesity and diabetes trials that use Verbal Fluency have reported results?

17 of the 32 completed studies that name it, 53%, have reported results: 10 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 10 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 3 did both. The other 15 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on Verbal Fluency and obesity and diabetes

  • Every cognitive test in obesity and diabetes trials: 627 studies
  • Verbal Fluency in all clinical trials: 1,745 studies

Verbal Fluency in other conditions

  • Dementia and Alzheimer's248
  • Cancer200
  • Mild cognitive impairment177
  • Depression and bipolar disorder154
  • Parkinson's disease140
  • Aging, frailty and exercise136
  • Stroke110
  • Schizophrenia and psychosis107
  • Brain injury and concussion86
  • Cognitive impairment and decline63
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD61
  • Cardiovascular disease61
  • Multiple sclerosis58
  • Sleep and sleep disorders58
  • Pain and fatigue53

Other tests in obesity and diabetes trials

  • Stroop Color-Word Test103
  • Trail Making Test102
  • Verbal Learning74
  • Digit Span Test64
  • Symbol Coding59

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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