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    16,361Registered studies name a cognitive test in an outcome measure11,688 name a test you can run hereExplore the studies
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  1. Home
  2. /Data
  3. /Clinical trials
  4. /Conditions
  5. /Brain injury and concussion
  6. /Verbal Fluency

Clinical trials data

Verbal Fluency in brain injury and concussion trials: 86 registered studies

Every registered brain injury and concussion study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Verbal Fluency in an outcome measure: how often it is a primary outcome, the tests named with it, how large the studies are and when they measure it.

Registered brain injury and concussion studies name it in an outcome measure
86
Name it in a primary outcome, 45%
39 of 86
Of the condition's 444 studies name it, against 11% of all registered studies
19%
Other conditions
Median participants per study
43
By phase
Try Verbal Fluency

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that brain injury and concussion studies naming Verbal Fluency name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Trail Making Test48 studies, 21 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Verbal Learning42 studies, 22 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Digit Span Test34 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Stroop Color-Word Test22 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Category Fluency20 studies, 12 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Symbol Coding16 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Picture Naming Test12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Symbol Scan Task11 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Complex Figure Copy and Recall10 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Paced Visual Serial Addition Test9 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Studies by start year

Each study counted once. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 4 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 6 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 5 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 5 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 4 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 6 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 7 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 7 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 7 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 5 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 9 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200310
200400
200510
200600
200722
200811
200931
201000
201142
201231
201363
201420
201522
201651
201751
201840
201963
202073
202175
202221
202376
202452
202594
202641

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Phase 14 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/22 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 28 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 35 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 42 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable57 studies, 28 as a primary outcome
  • Observational8 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100
  • Not applicable36 median, 24 to 72
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per brain injury and concussion study that names Verbal Fluency, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable573624 to 72

When brain injury and concussion trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Fluency are measured within 9 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 1 week to 6 months. 37 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day12 outcomes, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks9 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months33 outcomes, 13 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months18 outcomes, 9 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months6 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years3 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years1 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given4 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

82 of the 86 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting14 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Completed44 studies, 20 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral26 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Drug17 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Device24 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Biological4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other20 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • None given1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States59 studies, 28 as a primary outcome
  • Italy6 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Canada4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Spain3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • China1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Cyprus1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • France1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Germany1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Monaco1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Norway1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • South Korea1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

14 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 5 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed brain injury and concussion studies that name Verbal Fluency: 18 of 44, 41%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed brain injury and concussion studies that name Verbal Fluency and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted brain injury and concussion studies that name Verbal FluencyEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper2, 5%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only13, 30%1,139, 14%
A results paper only3, 7%1,711, 22%
Neither26, 59%4,327, 54%

The 86 studies

Filter by phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
ConditionBrain injury and concussion
TestVerbal Fluency

86 studies match. 39 name Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome. Median size 43 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 9 weeks.

Loading 86 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
02.557.5102000: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2003: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2005: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2007: 2 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2008: 1 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2009: 3 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20102011: 4 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2012: 3 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2013: 6 studies, 3 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2014: 2 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2015: 2 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20152016: 5 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2017: 5 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2018: 4 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2019: 6 studies, 3 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2020: 7 studies, 3 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20202021: 7 studies, 5 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2022: 2 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2023: 7 studies, 6 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2024: 5 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2025: 9 studies, 4 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20252026: 4 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200310
200400
200510
200600
200722
200811
200931
201000
201142
201231
201363
201420
201522
201651
201751
201840
201963
202073
202175
202221
202376
202452
202594
202641

Library tests named most

  • Verbal Fluency86 studies, 39 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test48 studies, 21 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning42 studies, 22 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test34 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test22 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Category Fluency20 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding16 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Picture Naming Test12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Scan Task11 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Complex Figure Copy and Recall10 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

Conditions

  • Brain injury and concussion86 studies, 39 as a primary outcome
  • Stroke10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD8 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Parkinson's disease3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Cancer3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Mild cognitive impairment2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Multiple sclerosis2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Depression and bipolar disorder2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Aging, frailty and exercise1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
  • COVID-19 and long COVID1 study, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Pain and fatigue1 study, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Epilepsy1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 5, NIH 1, other 80. Interventional 78, observational 8.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeVerbal Fluency

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07867015Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary4 weeks
NCT07702513Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants33Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome16 weeks
NCT07456475Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsStroke, Brain injury and concussion, Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosisParticipants25Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 weeks
NCT07413562Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary13 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary13 weeks
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary13 weeks
NCT07190365Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary6 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary6 months
NCT07119827Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsStroke, Brain injury and concussionParticipants250Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary13 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary18 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Category FluencySecondary18 months
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary13 weeks
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Design Fluency TestSecondary13 weeks
NCT07025317Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary
  • Verbal LearningPrimary
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary
  • Digit Span TestPrimary
  • Symbol CodingPrimary
NCT06989970Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome
  • Digit Span TestSecondary
  • N-Back TaskPrimary
  • Picture Naming TestOther outcome
  • Task Switching TestPrimary
  • Attention Network TestPrimary
  • Simon TaskSecondary
  • Self-Ordered Pointing TaskPrimary
NCT06956404Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants70Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary6 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary6 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 weeks
NCT06920784Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary2 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary2 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary2 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary2 weeks
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary2 weeks
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestSecondary2 weeks
NCT06897553Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussion, Depression and bipolar disorder, COVID-19 and long COVID, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants44Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary8 weeks
NCT06871124Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • N-Back TaskPrimary6 months
  • Task Switching TestSecondary6 months
  • Multi-Source Interference TaskPrimary6 months
NCT06848140Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants24Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary9 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary9 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary9 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary9 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary9 weeks
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary9 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary9 weeks
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary9 weeks
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary9 weeks
NCT06840808Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants14Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary9 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary9 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary9 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary9 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary9 weeks
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary9 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary9 weeks
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary9 weeks
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary9 weeks
NCT06562127Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary8 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary8 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary8 months
  • Digit Span TestPrimary8 months
NCT06556316Start2020PhaseObservationalConditionsStroke, Brain injury and concussionParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary6 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Category FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary6 months
  • Vocabulary TestPrimary6 months
NCT06494592Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants37Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary12 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary12 weeks
NCT06217575Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussion, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants36Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 weeks
  • Symbol CodingPrimary6 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary6 weeks
NCT06130735Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairment, Brain injury and concussionParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 months
NCT05970575Start2023PhasePhase 2ConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants4Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary6 months
NCT05951777Start2024PhasePhase 2ConditionsStroke, Brain injury and concussion, CancerParticipants51Lead sponsorIndustryStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary12 months
  • Vocabulary TestSecondary12 months
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary12 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary12 months
NCT05819008Start2023PhaseObservationalConditionsStroke, Brain injury and concussion, Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, Cancer, EpilepsyParticipants350Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimarysame day
  • Verbal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Verbal FluencyPrimarysame day
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestPrimarysame day
NCT05756296Start2023PhaseObservationalConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants198Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimarysame day
  • Verbal FluencyPrimarysame day
  • Digit Span TestPrimarysame day
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimarysame day
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallPrimarysame day
NCT05561400Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsStroke, Brain injury and concussionParticipants10Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary
  • N-Back TaskSecondary
NCT05408975Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants5Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary9 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary9 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary9 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary9 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary9 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary9 weeks
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary9 weeks
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary9 weeks

Page 1 of 4

Questions, answered from the data

How many brain injury and concussion trials use Verbal Fluency?

86 registered brain injury and concussion studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 39 of them in a primary outcome: 19% of the condition's 444 studies with a cognitive outcome, against 11% of all of them. It is the 4th most named test in brain injury and concussion trials.

Which tests do brain injury and concussion trials use with Verbal Fluency?

The Trail Making Test (48 studies), Verbal Learning (42 studies) and the Digit Span Test (34 studies).

When do brain injury and concussion trials measure Verbal Fluency?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Fluency are measured within 9 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 1 week to 6 months. 37 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed brain injury and concussion trials that use Verbal Fluency have reported results?

18 of the 44 completed studies that name it, 41%, have reported results: 15 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 5 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 2 did both. The other 26 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on Verbal Fluency and brain injury and concussion

  • Every cognitive test in brain injury and concussion trials: 444 studies
  • Verbal Fluency in all clinical trials: 1,745 studies

Verbal Fluency in other conditions

  • Dementia and Alzheimer's248
  • Cancer200
  • Mild cognitive impairment177
  • Depression and bipolar disorder154
  • Parkinson's disease140
  • Aging, frailty and exercise136
  • Stroke110
  • Schizophrenia and psychosis107
  • Cognitive impairment and decline63
  • Obesity and diabetes63
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD61
  • Cardiovascular disease61
  • Multiple sclerosis58
  • Sleep and sleep disorders58
  • Pain and fatigue53

Other tests in brain injury and concussion trials

  • Trail Making Test115
  • Verbal Learning111
  • Digit Span Test98
  • Stroop Color-Word Test59

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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