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Clinical trials data

Simon Task in clinical trials: 30 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names the Simon Task in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
30
Name it in a primary outcome, 60%
18 of 30
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.3% in 2016 to 2020
0.1%
By year
Median participants per study
53
By phase
Try the Simon Task

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Parkinson's disease5 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  2. ADHD4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  3. Aging, frailty and exercise4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  4. Brain injury and concussion3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  5. Depression and bipolar disorder3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  6. Stroke2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  7. Substance use and addiction2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  8. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  9. Hearing loss1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  10. Pain and fatigue1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  11. Cardiovascular disease1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  12. Other conditions7 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

The Simon Task is a primary outcome in 60% of its studies. Across the 30 executive function tests with a page here, the median is 37%.
  1. Simon Task60% of 30 studies

  2. Cue Reactivity Task56% of 188 studies

  3. Stroop Color-Word Test41% of 1,929 studies

  4. Tower Planning40% of 247 studies

  5. Task Switching Test40% of 334 studies

  6. Dimensional Change Card Sort38% of 214 studies

  7. Verbal Fluency37% of 1,745 studies

  8. Delay Discounting36% of 257 studies

  9. Clock Drawing Task35% of 281 studies

  10. Matrix Reasoning35% of 272 studies

  11. Card Sorting Test (Berg)34% of 411 studies

  12. Trail Making Test31% of 2,293 studies

  13. AX Continuous Performance Test17% of 191 studies

Studies by start year

0.1% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.3% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 3 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 3 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200911
201000
201100
201200
201311
201411
201520
201631
201721
201841
201933
202011
202122
202222
202322
202410
202532
202620

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 11 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 11 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 21 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 41 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable20 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Observational6 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100
  • Not applicable45 median, 25 to 90
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names the Simon Task, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable204525 to 90

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Simon Task are measured within 11 weeks of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 5 months. 18 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day8 outcomes, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks3 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months10 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months3 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months3 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years1 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years1 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given1 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

29 of the 30 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Completed14 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown5 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral13 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Drug5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Device3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Biological1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other7 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • None given2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Finland4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Canada3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Germany3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Belgium1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • China1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Colombia1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • France1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Israel1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Italy1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Mexico1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

14 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 3 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name the Simon Task: 7 of 14, 50%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name the Simon Task and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name the Simon TaskEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper0, 0%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only1, 7%1,139, 14%
A results paper only6, 43%1,711, 22%
Neither7, 50%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming the Simon Task name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    N-Back Task6 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Digit Span Test6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Trail Making Test6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Go/No-Go Task5 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Stroop Color-Word Test5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Verbal Fluency4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    AX Continuous Performance Test4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Continuous Performance Test4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Stop-Signal Task3 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Task Switching Test3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for the Simon Task and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Simon Task30 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
N-Back Task787 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Digit Span Test1,619 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Trail Making Test2,281 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearSimon TaskN-Back TaskDigit Span TestTrail Making Test
20000032
20010020
20020213
20030248
200400410
200504714
200603414
20070101421
20080101917
2009152229
20100113732
20110202647
20120143644
20131234460
20141254966
20152257985
201633269103
201725182122
201845485117
2019359110155
202013090122
2021270122172
2022262121188
2023271164228
2024169141211
2025367147210
2026268137201

Explore the 30 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestThe Simon Task

30 studies match. 18 name the Simon Task in a primary outcome. Median size 53 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 11 weeks.

Loading 30 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
012342000: 0 studies, 0 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2009: 1 studies, 1 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2013: 1 studies, 1 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2014: 1 studies, 1 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2015: 2 studies, 0 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome20152016: 3 studies, 1 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2017: 2 studies, 1 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2018: 4 studies, 1 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2019: 3 studies, 3 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2020: 1 studies, 1 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome20202021: 2 studies, 2 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2022: 2 studies, 2 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2023: 2 studies, 2 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2024: 1 studies, 0 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome2025: 3 studies, 2 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome20252026: 2 studies, 0 naming the Simon Task in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200911
201000
201100
201200
201311
201411
201520
201631
201721
201841
201933
202011
202122
202222
202322
202410
202532
202620

Library tests named most

  • Simon Task30 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • N-Back Task6 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Go/No-Go Task5 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Fluency4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • AX Continuous Performance Test4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Continuous Performance Test4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Stop-Signal Task3 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

Conditions

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 1, other 29. Interventional 24, observational 6.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeThe Simon Task

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07610369Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsParkinson's disease, Depression and bipolar disorderParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary13 weeks
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningSecondary13 weeks
  • Simon TaskSecondary13 weeks
NCT07391228Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsCardiovascular diseaseParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primarysame day
  • Iowa Gambling LitePrimarysame day
  • Simon TaskPrimarysame day
NCT07212465Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants24Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Simon TaskSecondary6 weeks
NCT06989970Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome
  • Digit Span TestSecondary
  • N-Back TaskPrimary
  • Picture Naming TestOther outcome
  • Task Switching TestPrimary
  • Attention Network TestPrimary
  • Simon TaskSecondary
  • Self-Ordered Pointing TaskPrimary
NCT06804304Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsStroke, Depression and bipolar disorder, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary13 weeks
  • Short Story RecallSecondary6 months
  • Cancellation TestSecondary6 months
  • Sustained Attention to ResponsePrimary13 weeks
  • Simon TaskPrimary13 weeks
NCT06701500Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants180Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondarysame day
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondarysame day
  • Simon TaskSecondarysame day
NCT05992272Start2020PhaseObservationalConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants300Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimarysame day
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimarysame day
  • Simon TaskPrimarysame day
NCT05884671Start2021PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants47Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestSecondary
  • Simon TaskPrimary8 months
  • Operation SpanSecondary
  • Retro-Cue TaskPrimary16 weeks
NCT05790330Start2023PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants90Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary6 months
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimary6 months
  • AX Continuous Performance TestWording unclear
  • Simon TaskPrimary6 months
  • Clock Vigilance TestPrimary6 months
NCT05668195Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHDParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskPrimary13 weeks
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary13 weeks
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimary13 weeks
  • Simon TaskPrimary13 weeks
NCT05480813Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants1Lead sponsorIndustryStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonPrimarysame day
  • Simon TaskPrimarysame day
NCT05155397Start2016PhaseObservationalConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants627Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary15 years
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary15 years
  • Digit Span TestPrimary15 years
  • Symbol CodingPrimary15 years
  • N-Back TaskPrimary15 years
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary15 years
  • Continuous Performance TestWording unclear
  • Psychomotor Vigilance TaskPrimary15 years
  • Task Switching TestPrimary15 years
  • Matrix ReasoningPrimary15 years
  • AX Continuous Performance TestPrimary15 years
  • Visual Search TestPrimary15 years
  • Simon TaskPrimary15 years
NCT05084300Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsPain and fatigueParticipants62Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary5 weeks
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary5 weeks
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestPrimary5 weeks
  • Simon TaskPrimary5 weeks
NCT05016102Start2013PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHD, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants25Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Simon TaskPrimarysame day
NCT04735458Start2021PhaseNot applicableConditionsParkinson's diseaseParticipants140Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Simon TaskPrimarysame day
NCT04165005Start2017PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Simon TaskPrimary10 weeks
NCT04140708Start2019PhaseNot applicableConditionsParkinson's diseaseParticipants37Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary12 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 weeks
  • Simon TaskPrimary12 weeks
NCT04061135Start2019PhaseNot applicableConditionsParkinson's diseaseParticipants90Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Simon TaskPrimarysame day
NCT03946436Start2018PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants55Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Simon TaskOther outcome13 weeks
NCT03781557Start2019PhasePhase 4ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimarysame day
  • Simple Reaction TimePrimarysame day
  • Simon TaskPrimarysame day
NCT03638882Start2018PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants90Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary16 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary16 weeks
  • N-Back TaskPrimary16 weeks
  • Simon TaskPrimary16 weeks
NCT03501797Start2018PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper 1Paper 2

Library tests named
  • Short Story RecallSecondary9 months
  • Simon TaskSecondary9 months
  • Word Span TaskSecondary9 months
NCT03333668Start2018PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHDParticipants25Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • N-Back TaskPrimary2 weeks
  • Continuous Performance TestSecondary2 weeks
  • AX Continuous Performance TestWording unclear
  • Simon TaskSecondary2 weeks
NCT03136263Start2017PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsADHDParticipants24Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Continuous Performance TestWording unclear
  • Task Switching TestSecondary4 weeks
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimary4 weeks
  • AX Continuous Performance TestSecondary4 weeks
  • Simon TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Navon Global-Local TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Precedence Effect TaskSecondary4 weeks
NCT02605980Start2016PhaseObservationalConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants65Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary6 weeks
  • Simple Reaction TimeSecondary6 weeks
  • Simon TaskSecondary6 weeks

Page 1 of 2

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use the Simon Task?

30 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 18 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use the Simon Task?

Most often in Parkinson's disease (5), ADHD (4) and aging, frailty and exercise (4).

Do new trials use the Simon Task more or less?

0.1% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.3% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 51% smaller.

Which tests do trials use with the Simon Task?

The N-Back Task (6 studies), the Digit Span Test (6 studies) and the Trail Making Test (6 studies).

When do trials measure the Simon Task?

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Simon Task are measured within 11 weeks of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 5 months. 18 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use the Simon Task have reported results?

7 of the 14 completed studies that name it, 50%, have reported results: 1 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 6 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 0 did both. The other 7 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Simon Task: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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