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  1. Home
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  5. /Dimensional Change Card Sort

Clinical trials data

Dimensional Change Card Sort in clinical trials: 214 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Dimensional Change Card Sort in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
214
Name it in a primary outcome, 38%
81 of 214
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.3% in 2016 to 2020
1.8%
By year
Median participants per study
60
By phase
Try Dimensional Change Card SortTry the Card Sort Game

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.

  1. Aging, frailty and exercise37 studies, 13 as a primary outcome

  2. Obesity and diabetes18 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  3. Dementia and Alzheimer's13 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  4. Autism13 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  5. Depression and bipolar disorder12 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  6. Healthy volunteers12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  7. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD12 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  8. Cardiovascular disease12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  9. Stroke10 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  10. Sleep and sleep disorders10 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  11. Mild cognitive impairment9 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  12. Brain injury and concussion9 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  13. Cognitive impairment and decline9 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  14. Substance use and addiction7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  15. ADHD6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  16. Cancer6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  17. Epilepsy5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  18. Multiple sclerosis2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  19. COVID-19 and long COVID2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  20. Delirium, surgery and intensive care2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  21. Pain and fatigue2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  22. Parkinson's disease1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  23. Hearing loss1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  24. Lung disease1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  25. Other conditions53 studies, 17 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

Dimensional Change Card Sort is a primary outcome in 38% of its studies. Across the 30 executive function tests with a page here, the median is 37%.

  1. Cue Reactivity Task56% of 188 studies

  2. Stroop Color-Word Test41% of 1,929 studies

  3. Tower Planning40% of 247 studies

  4. Task Switching Test40% of 334 studies

  5. Dimensional Change Card Sort38% of 214 studies

  6. Verbal Fluency37% of 1,745 studies

  7. Delay Discounting36% of 257 studies

  8. Clock Drawing Task35% of 281 studies

  9. Matrix Reasoning35% of 272 studies

  10. Card Sorting Test (Berg)34% of 411 studies

  11. Trail Making Test31% of 2,293 studies

  12. AX Continuous Performance Test17% of 191 studies

Studies by start year

1.8% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.3% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 3 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 5 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 10 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 16 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 18 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 13 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 24 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 17 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 29 studies, 13 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 22 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 32 studies, 13 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 16 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200910
201000
201110
201200
201332
201431
201553
201611
2017103
2018167
2019188
2020136
2021248
2022175
20232913
2024228
20253213
2026162

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 17 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 15 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/26 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 213 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/34 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 33 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 45 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable149 studies, 63 as a primary outcome
  • Observational21 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Not given1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200
  • Phase 260 median, 46 to 92
  • Not applicable61 median, 33 to 157
  • Observational116 median, 45 to 200
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names Dimensional Change Card Sort, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Phase 2136046 to 92
Not applicable1466133 to 157
Observational2111645 to 200

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Dimensional Change Card Sort are measured within 12 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 6 weeks to 6 months. 76 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day16 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks24 outcomes, 11 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months67 outcomes, 32 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months44 outcomes, 12 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months31 outcomes, 9 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years9 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years13 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given10 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

204 of the 214 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting56 studies, 23 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting12 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting16 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Completed110 studies, 43 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early10 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown10 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral97 studies, 32 as a primary outcome
  • Drug28 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Device37 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement19 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Biological2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Radiation1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Genetic2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other45 studies, 20 as a primary outcome
  • None given11 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States166 studies, 63 as a primary outcome
  • Canada14 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Spain10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • China3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Australia2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Honduras2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Pakistan2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Chile1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Ethiopia1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • France1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Germany1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

20 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 7 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name Dimensional Change Card Sort: 50 of 110, 45%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name Dimensional Change Card Sort and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name Dimensional Change Card SortEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper9, 8%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only25, 23%1,139, 14%
A results paper only16, 15%1,711, 22%
Neither60, 55%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming Dimensional Change Card Sort name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Size Order Memory Test113 studies, 40 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Picture Order Memory Test109 studies, 38 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Pattern and Letter Comparison98 studies, 33 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Vocabulary Test39 studies, 12 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Verbal Learning37 studies, 17 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Eriksen Flanker Task37 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Trail Making Test21 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Symbol Coding20 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Stroop Color-Word Test17 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    N-Back Task13 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for Dimensional Change Card Sort and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Dimensional Change Card Sort211 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026
Size Order Memory Test160 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026
Picture Order Memory Test142 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026
Pattern and Letter Comparison146 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearDimensional Change Card SortSize Order Memory TestPicture Order Memory TestPattern and Letter Comparison
20000000
20010000
20020000
20030000
20040000
20050000
20060000
20070000
20080000
20091000
20100000
20111000
20120000
20133110
20143101
20155232
20161423
201710898
20181615149
201918131514
20201310610
202124181919
202217131213
202329221719
202422151313
202532202117
202616181018

Explore the 214 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestDimensional Change Card Sort

214 studies match. 81 name Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome. Median size 60 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 12 weeks.

Loading 214 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
0102030402000: 0 studies, 0 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2009: 1 studies, 0 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome20102011: 1 studies, 0 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2013: 3 studies, 2 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2014: 3 studies, 1 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2015: 5 studies, 3 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome20152016: 1 studies, 1 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2017: 10 studies, 3 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2018: 16 studies, 7 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2019: 18 studies, 8 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2020: 13 studies, 6 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome20202021: 24 studies, 8 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2022: 17 studies, 5 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2023: 29 studies, 13 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2024: 22 studies, 8 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome2025: 32 studies, 13 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome20252026: 16 studies, 2 naming Dimensional Change Card Sort in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 3 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200910
201000
201110
201200
201332
201431
201553
201611
2017103
2018167
2019188
2020136
2021248
2022175
20232913
2024228
20253213
2026162

Library tests named most

  • Dimensional Change Card Sort214 studies, 81 as a primary outcome
  • Size Order Memory Test113 studies, 40 as a primary outcome
  • Picture Order Memory Test109 studies, 38 as a primary outcome
  • Pattern and Letter Comparison98 studies, 33 as a primary outcome
  • Vocabulary Test39 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning37 studies, 17 as a primary outcome
  • Eriksen Flanker Task37 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test21 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding20 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test17 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 14, other 200. Interventional 193, observational 21.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeDimensional Change Card Sort

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07861867Start2027PhasePhase 2ConditionsStroke, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskPrimary6 months
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary6 months
  • Vocabulary TestSecondary6 months
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary6 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary6 months
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary6 months
NCT07779889Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants34Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary10 months
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary10 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary10 months
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary10 months
NCT07727512Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants45Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskSecondary13 weeks
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary13 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary13 weeks
NCT07699159Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants1,620Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary6 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimarysame day
  • Matrix ReasoningPrimarysame day
  • Delay DiscountingPrimary6 months
  • Dimensional Change Card SortPrimarysame day
  • Size Order Memory TestPrimarysame day
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonPrimarysame day
  • Picture Order Memory TestPrimarysame day
  • Emotional Stroop TaskPrimary6 months
  • Mental RotationPrimarysame day
NCT07666802Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskSecondary12 months
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary12 months
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary12 months
  • Oddball Target DetectionSecondary12 months
NCT07654231Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsCardiovascular diseaseParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Other outcome2 years
  • Dimensional Change Card SortOther outcome2 years
  • Vocabulary TestOther outcome2 years
  • Size Order Memory TestOther outcome2 years
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonOther outcome2 years
  • Picture Order Memory TestOther outcome2 years
NCT07651787Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairmentParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingOther outcome12 weeks
  • N-Back TaskPrimary12 weeks
  • Dimensional Change Card SortOther outcome12 weeks
  • Size Order Memory TestOther outcome12 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonOther outcome12 weeks
  • Picture Order Memory TestOther outcome12 weeks
NCT07624747Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants72Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimary6 months
  • Dimensional Change Card SortPrimary6 months
  • Vocabulary TestPrimary6 months
  • Size Order Memory TestPrimary6 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonPrimary6 months
NCT07598643Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants92Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary6 months
  • Vocabulary TestSecondary6 months
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestSecondary6 months
NCT07447921Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants1,296Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Dimensional Change Card SortOther outcome12 months
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionOther outcome12 months
  • Dictator GameOther outcome12 months
NCT07439510Start2026PhasePhase 2/3ConditionsAutismParticipants120Lead sponsorIndustryStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary4 weeks
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary4 weeks
NCT07414537Start2027PhasePhase 2ConditionsBrain injury and concussion, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants46Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Dimensional Change Card SortPrimary9 weeks
  • Size Order Memory TestPrimary9 weeks
  • Picture Order Memory TestPrimary9 weeks
NCT07387796Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary8 weeks
  • Cue Reactivity TaskPrimary8 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary8 weeks
  • Effort Discounting TaskSecondary8 weeks
NCT07376018Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary12 weeks
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary12 weeks
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary12 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary12 weeks
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary12 weeks
NCT07334912Start2025PhasePhase 2ConditionsCognitive impairment and declineParticipants188Lead sponsorIndustryStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary6 months
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary6 months
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary6 months
NCT07322952Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsAutismParticipants158Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskPrimary6 months
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimary6 months
  • Dimensional Change Card SortPrimary6 months
NCT07292610Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Sleep and sleep disorders, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants135Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Dimensional Change Card SortPrimary12 months
  • Size Order Memory TestPrimary12 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonPrimary12 months
  • Picture Order Memory TestPrimary12 months
NCT07285629Start2025PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants14Lead sponsorIndustryStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary13 weeks
  • Vocabulary TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary13 weeks
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary13 weeks
NCT07281365Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants52Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Dimensional Change Card SortOther outcome8 weeks
NCT07272174Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCognitive impairment and declineParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary6 months
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskSecondary6 months
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary6 months
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary6 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary6 months
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary6 months
NCT07224607Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer'sParticipants45Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Dimensional Change Card SortPrimary13 weeks
NCT07218653Start2026PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants72Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskSecondary6 months
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary6 months
  • Vocabulary TestSecondary6 months
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary6 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary6 months
NCT07216781Start2025PhasePhase 1ConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants14Lead sponsorIndustryStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary6 months
  • Vocabulary TestSecondary6 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary6 months
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary6 months
NCT07209683Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingPrimary4 weeks
  • N-Back TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Dimensional Change Card SortPrimary4 weeks
  • Size Order Memory TestPrimary4 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonPrimary4 weeks
NCT07204834Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsCardiovascular diseaseParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestOther outcome9 months
  • Symbol CodingOther outcome9 months
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskOther outcome9 months
  • Dimensional Change Card SortOther outcome9 months
  • Picture Order Memory TestOther outcome9 months

Page 1 of 9

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use Dimensional Change Card Sort?

214 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 81 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use Dimensional Change Card Sort?

Most often in aging, frailty and exercise (37), obesity and diabetes (18) and dementia and Alzheimer's disease (13).

Do new trials use Dimensional Change Card Sort more or less?

1.8% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.3% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 35% larger.

Which tests do trials use with Dimensional Change Card Sort?

The Size Order Memory Test (113 studies), the Picture Order Memory Test (109 studies) and Pattern and Letter Comparison (98 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 trials that use Dimensional Change Card Sort enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 60 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 46 to 92. 13 of them give a size.

When do trials measure Dimensional Change Card Sort?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Dimensional Change Card Sort are measured within 12 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 6 weeks to 6 months. 76 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use Dimensional Change Card Sort have reported results?

50 of the 110 completed studies that name it, 45%, have reported results: 34 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 25 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 9 did both. The other 60 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Dimensional Change Card Sort: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • Card Sort Game: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

The census counts Dimensional Change Card Sort and Card Sort Game as one test family, so this page counts their studies together: 214 studies.

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Choose tests with a record in registered trials, and run them in a browser at every site, on the same version each visit.

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