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  5. /Mental Rotation

Clinical trials data

Mental Rotation in clinical trials: 64 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Mental Rotation in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
64
Name it in a primary outcome, 48%
31 of 64
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.4% in 2016 to 2020
0.5%
By year
Median participants per study
60
By phase
Try Mental Rotation

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Healthy volunteers6 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  2. Dementia and Alzheimer's4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  3. Mild cognitive impairment4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  4. Stroke4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  5. Cancer4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  6. Aging, frailty and exercise4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  7. Obesity and diabetes2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  8. Substance use and addiction2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  9. Sleep and sleep disorders2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  10. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  11. Pain and fatigue2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  12. Brain injury and concussion1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  13. Parkinson's disease1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  14. Schizophrenia and psychosis1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  15. Cognitive impairment and decline1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  16. Autism1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  17. Cardiovascular disease1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  18. Lung disease1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  19. Other conditions25 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

Mental Rotation is a primary outcome in 48% of its studies. Across the 10 working memory tests with a page here, the median is 45%.
  1. Sternberg Memory Scanning50% of 38 studies

  2. Operation Span50% of 24 studies

  3. Mental Rotation48% of 64 studies

  4. N-Back Task48% of 790 studies

  5. Spatial Working Memory46% of 78 studies

  6. Letter-Number Sequencing Task43% of 184 studies

  7. Corsi Block-Tapping Test43% of 181 studies

  8. Digit Span Test37% of 1,629 studies

  9. Reading Span Task36% of 22 studies

  10. Size Order Memory Test35% of 162 studies

Studies by start year

0.5% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.4% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 3 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 5 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 5 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 6 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 8 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 8 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 12 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200610
200700
200800
200900
201000
201100
201200
201311
201410
201532
201630
201711
201851
201921
202054
202164
202284
202331
202486
2025125
202641

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Phase 24 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 41 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable40 studies, 20 as a primary outcome
  • Observational19 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200
  • Not applicable54 median, 28 to 100
  • Observational100 median, 58 to 235
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names Mental Rotation, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable395428 to 100
Observational1910058 to 235

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Mental Rotation are measured within 7 weeks of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 6 months. 28 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day13 outcomes, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks7 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months21 outcomes, 10 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months4 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months1 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years4 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years5 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given9 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

55 of the 64 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting13 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Completed31 studies, 17 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown8 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral22 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Drug7 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Device10 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Biological1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other23 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • None given7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States16 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Türkiye12 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Canada6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • China5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • France3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Italy3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Switzerland3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Germany2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Taiwan2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Belgium1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Spain1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

13 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 8 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name Mental Rotation: 13 of 31, 42%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name Mental Rotation and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name Mental RotationEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper2, 6%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only4, 13%1,139, 14%
A results paper only7, 23%1,711, 22%
Neither18, 58%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming Mental Rotation name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Stroop Color-Word Test16 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Trail Making Test12 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Digit Span Test9 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    N-Back Task7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Verbal Fluency7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Matrix Reasoning6 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Corsi Block-Tapping Test6 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Task Switching Test5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Symbol Coding5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Clock Drawing Task4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for Mental Rotation and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Mental Rotation63 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Stroop Color-Word Test1,922 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Trail Making Test2,281 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Digit Span Test1,619 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearMental RotationStroop Color-Word TestTrail Making TestDigit Span Test
20000323
20010302
20020531
20030284
200408104
2005011147
200616144
20070132114
20080151719
20090162922
20100293237
20110314726
20120324436
20131426044
20141646649
20153678579
201638510369
201717912282
2018510311785
20192119155110
202059912290
20216151172122
20228168188121
20233198228164
20248182211141
202512198210147
20264193201137

Explore the 64 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestMental Rotation

64 studies match. 31 name Mental Rotation in a primary outcome. Median size 60 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 7 weeks.

Loading 64 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
0510152000: 0 studies, 0 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome20052006: 1 studies, 0 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2013: 1 studies, 1 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2014: 1 studies, 0 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2015: 3 studies, 2 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome20152016: 3 studies, 0 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2017: 1 studies, 1 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2018: 5 studies, 1 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2019: 2 studies, 1 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2020: 5 studies, 4 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome20202021: 6 studies, 4 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2022: 8 studies, 4 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2023: 3 studies, 1 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2024: 8 studies, 6 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome2025: 12 studies, 5 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome20252026: 4 studies, 1 naming Mental Rotation in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 1 that started before 2000.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200610
200700
200800
200900
201000
201100
201200
201311
201410
201532
201630
201711
201851
201921
202054
202164
202284
202331
202486
2025125
202641

Library tests named most

  • Mental Rotation64 studies, 31 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test16 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test12 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test9 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • N-Back Task7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Fluency7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Matrix Reasoning6 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Corsi Block-Tapping Test6 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Task Switching Test5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 2, other 62. Interventional 45, observational 19.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeMental Rotation

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07882901Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsMild cognitive impairmentParticipants44Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Mental RotationSecondary4 weeks
NCT07749690Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants56Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingSecondary6 weeks
  • Mental RotationPrimary6 weeks
NCT07735078Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants55Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary
  • Mental RotationSecondary
NCT07699159Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants1,620Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary6 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskPrimarysame day
  • Matrix ReasoningPrimarysame day
  • Delay DiscountingPrimary6 months
  • Dimensional Change Card SortPrimarysame day
  • Size Order Memory TestPrimarysame day
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonPrimarysame day
  • Picture Order Memory TestPrimarysame day
  • Emotional Stroop TaskPrimary6 months
  • Mental RotationPrimarysame day
NCT07546201Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsHealthy volunteers, Pain and fatigueParticipants126Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Mental RotationPrimary
  • Hand Laterality TaskPrimary
NCT07528924Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary8 weeks
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Mental RotationSecondary8 weeks
NCT07500103Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary9 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary9 weeks
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary9 weeks
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary9 weeks
  • Mental RotationSecondary9 weeks
  • Token Commands TaskSecondary9 weeks
  • Social Slips Stories TaskSecondary9 weeks
  • Face Impressions TaskPrimary9 weeks
NCT07398131Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsStroke, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants32Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Mental RotationSecondary4 weeks
NCT07315724Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Mental RotationPrimary
NCT07270224Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants52Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Mental RotationSecondarysame day
  • Hand Laterality TaskSecondarysame day
NCT07241026Start2020PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants118Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Mental RotationPrimary4 years
NCT07171957Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsLung diseaseParticipants188Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Mental RotationSecondary
NCT07111780Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary8 weeks
  • Mental RotationPrimary8 weeks
NCT07092436Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants54Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Mental RotationSecondary9 weeks
NCT07064382Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestPrimary3 years
  • Mental RotationPrimary3 years
  • Route Directions Task and Which-Way-Back GamePrimary3 years
NCT06985329Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimarysame day
  • Clock Drawing TaskPrimarysame day
  • Line Angle MatchingPrimarysame day
  • Mental RotationPrimarysame day
NCT06942130Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants192Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Mental RotationPrimarysame day
NCT06645652Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Cancellation TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Mental RotationSecondary8 weeks
  • Contour Integration TaskSecondary8 weeks
  • 3D Mental Rotation TestSecondary8 weeks
NCT06588894Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Mental RotationPrimarysame day
NCT06560944Start2020PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants16Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimarysame day
  • Verbal FluencyPrimarysame day
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingPrimarysame day
  • Mental RotationPrimarysame day
NCT06544317Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary8 weeks
  • Mental RotationPrimary8 weeks
NCT06541379Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Mental RotationSecondary
NCT06482528Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants24Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Mental RotationSecondary
NCT06476587Start2022PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants69Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondarysame day
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondarysame day
  • Digit Span TestSecondarysame day
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestSecondarysame day
  • Mental RotationPrimarysame day
NCT06449287Start2018PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants37Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper 1Paper 2Paper 3

Library tests named
  • Mental RotationSecondary6 weeks

Page 1 of 3

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use Mental Rotation?

64 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 31 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use Mental Rotation?

Most often in healthy volunteers (6), dementia and Alzheimer's disease (4) and mild cognitive impairment (4).

Do new trials use Mental Rotation more or less?

0.5% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.4% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 46% larger.

Which tests do trials use with Mental Rotation?

The Stroop Color-Word Test (16 studies), the Trail Making Test (12 studies) and the Digit Span Test (9 studies).

When do trials measure Mental Rotation?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Mental Rotation are measured within 7 weeks of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 6 months. 28 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use Mental Rotation have reported results?

13 of the 31 completed studies that name it, 42%, have reported results: 6 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 9 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 2 did both. The other 18 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Mental Rotation: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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