Clinical trials data
Cognitive tests in lung disease trials: 110 registered studies
Every registered lung disease study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names a cognitive test in an outcome measure: the tests used most, how often as a primary outcome, which tests go together, how large the studies are and when they measure the outcome.
- Registered lung disease studies name a cognitive test in an outcome
- 110
- Led by industry
- 4
The tests lung disease trials use most
The Trail Making Test leads: 18 of the 110 studies name it, 16%. Next comes the Stroop Color-Word Test (18). As a primary outcome, the Trail Making Test leads with 7 studies.
- 1
Trail Making Test18 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
- 2
Stroop Color-Word Test18 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
- 3
Verbal Fluency13 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
- 4
Psychomotor Vigilance Task10 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
- 5
Verbal Learning9 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
- 6
Digit Span Test7 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
- 7
Symbol Coding4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
- 8
N-Back Task3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
- 9
Paced Visual Serial Addition Test3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
- 10
Paired Associate Learning3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
- 11
Clock Drawing Task2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
- 12
Word Pair Learning2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
- 13
Stop-Signal Task2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
- 14
Category Fluency1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
- 15
Choice Reaction Time1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
- 16
Corsi Block-Tapping Test1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
- 17
Eriksen Flanker Task1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
- 18
Selective Reminding Task1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
- 19
Symbol Scan Task1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
- 20
Visuomotor Adaptation Task1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
- 21
AX Continuous Performance Test1 study, 0 as a primary outcome
- 22
Brief Implicit Association Test1 study, 0 as a primary outcome
- 23
Card Sorting Test (Berg)1 study, 0 as a primary outcome
- 24
Complex Figure Copy and Recall1 study, 0 as a primary outcome
- 25
Continuous Performance Test1 study, 0 as a primary outcome
A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes
50% of lung disease studies name only instruments outside the library, such as clinician-administered screening scales. They count in every figure on this page and are not listed. The explorer below holds all 35 tests.
Tests used together
- Stroop Color-Word Test and Trail Making Test10 studies name both
- Trail Making Test and Verbal Fluency9 studies name both
- Trail Making Test and Verbal Learning7 studies name both
- Digit Span Test and Trail Making Test5 studies name both
- Digit Span Test and Verbal Fluency5 studies name both
- Stroop Color-Word Test and Verbal Fluency5 studies name both
- Verbal Fluency and Verbal Learning5 studies name both
- Digit Span Test and Stroop Color-Word Test4 studies name both
- Digit Span Test and Verbal Learning4 studies name both
- Paced Visual Serial Addition Test and Stroop Color-Word Test3 studies name both
Studies by start year
A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes
Show as a table
| Start year | Studies | A test as a primary outcome |
|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 0 | 0 |
| 2001 | 0 | 0 |
| 2002 | 1 | 1 |
| 2003 | 2 | 0 |
| 2004 | 0 | 0 |
| 2005 | 0 | 0 |
| 2006 | 1 | 1 |
| 2007 | 0 | 0 |
| 2008 | 2 | 0 |
| 2009 | 0 | 0 |
| 2010 | 0 | 0 |
| 2011 | 2 | 1 |
| 2012 | 1 | 0 |
| 2013 | 1 | 0 |
| 2014 | 4 | 1 |
| 2015 | 4 | 0 |
| 2016 | 10 | 4 |
| 2017 | 11 | 3 |
| 2018 | 6 | 2 |
| 2019 | 11 | 3 |
| 2020 | 9 | 6 |
| 2021 | 9 | 1 |
| 2022 | 3 | 1 |
| 2023 | 11 | 6 |
| 2024 | 7 | 3 |
| 2025 | 8 | 2 |
| 2026 | 7 | 3 |
Phases and sponsors
By phase
- Phase 11 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
- Phase 1/23 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
- Phase 25 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
- Phase 32 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
- Phase 47 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
- Not applicable54 studies, 16 as a primary outcome
- Observational38 studies, 16 as a primary outcome
Sponsors and study types
Lead sponsor: industry 4, NIH 0, universities, hospitals and others 106. Interventional 72, observational 38.
Status, results, interventions and countries
Status
- Recruiting19 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
- Not yet recruiting6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
- Active, not recruiting4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
- Completed58 studies, 20 as a primary outcome
- Stopped early6 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
- Status unknown17 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
What they test
- Behavioral19 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
- Drug13 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
- Device14 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
- Dietary supplement4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
- Procedure4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
- Diagnostic test2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
- Biological4 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
- Other50 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
- None given16 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.
Where their sites are
- United States27 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
- Türkiye17 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
- Canada11 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
- Netherlands7 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
- Spain7 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
- Italy5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
- United Kingdom5 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
- Germany4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
- Australia3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
- France3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
- Switzerland3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
- Belgium2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
31 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 5 list no site.
Reported results
Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.
Completed lung disease studies: 27 of 58, 47%
Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%
| Results | Completed lung disease studies | Every completed study |
|---|---|---|
| Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper | 2, 3% | 776, 10% |
| Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only | 4, 7% | 1,139, 14% |
| A results paper only | 21, 36% | 1,711, 22% |
| Neither | 31, 53% | 4,327, 54% |
How many participants they enroll
- Not applicable60 median, 36 to 108
- Observational98 median, 47 to 200
Show as a table
| Phase | Studies with a size | Median | Middle half |
|---|---|---|---|
| Not applicable | 53 | 60 | 36 to 108 |
| Observational | 38 | 98 | 47 to 200 |
When the cognitive outcome is measured
Latest time point of each outcome
- Within a day19 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome
- Up to 4 weeks15 outcomes, 6 as a primary outcome
- 1 to 3 months28 outcomes, 8 as a primary outcome
- 3 to 6 months12 outcomes, 7 as a primary outcome
- 6 to 12 months18 outcomes, 9 as a primary outcome
- 1 to 2 years5 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
- Over 2 years1 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
- No duration given17 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes
98 of the 115 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.
Explore the lung disease studies
55 studies match. 18 name a library test in a primary outcome. Median size 87 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 5 months.
Loading 55 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.
2026 is partly planned starts.
Show as a table
| Start year | Studies | As a primary outcome |
|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 0 | 0 |
| 2001 | 0 | 0 |
| 2002 | 1 | 1 |
| 2003 | 2 | 0 |
| 2004 | 0 | 0 |
| 2005 | 0 | 0 |
| 2006 | 1 | 1 |
| 2007 | 0 | 0 |
| 2008 | 2 | 0 |
| 2009 | 0 | 0 |
| 2010 | 0 | 0 |
| 2011 | 2 | 1 |
| 2012 | 1 | 0 |
| 2013 | 1 | 0 |
| 2014 | 2 | 0 |
| 2015 | 1 | 0 |
| 2016 | 6 | 2 |
| 2017 | 6 | 2 |
| 2018 | 1 | 0 |
| 2019 | 5 | 1 |
| 2020 | 4 | 2 |
| 2021 | 3 | 0 |
| 2022 | 0 | 0 |
| 2023 | 4 | 3 |
| 2024 | 3 | 1 |
| 2025 | 5 | 1 |
| 2026 | 5 | 3 |
Library tests named most
Largest condition groups
Phases
Participants
Lead sponsor: other 55. Interventional 42, observational 13.
As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcome
The studies, newest registration first
Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
| Study | Start | Phase | Conditions | Participants | Lead sponsor | Status | Library tests named, with the latest time point |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT07904325 | Start2026 | PhaseObservational | ConditionsCardiovascular disease, Lung disease | Participants100 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusNot yet recruiting | Library tests named
|
| NCT07852910 | Start2026 | PhaseNot applicable | ConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCD, Lung disease | Participants18 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusNot yet recruiting | Library tests named
|
| NCT07702994 | Start2026 | PhaseNot applicable | ConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Lung disease | Participants210 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusNot yet recruiting | Library tests named
|
| NCT07536178 | Start2026 | PhaseNot applicable | ConditionsCancer, Lung disease | Participants24 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusRecruiting | Library tests named
|
| NCT07332169 | Start2026 | PhaseNot applicable | ConditionsLung disease | Participants22 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusActive, not recruiting | Library tests named
|
| NCT07285642 | Start2025 | PhaseNot applicable | ConditionsLung disease | Participants60 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusRecruiting | Library tests named
|
| NCT07171957 | Start2025 | PhaseObservational | ConditionsLung disease | Participants188 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusRecruiting | Library tests named
|
| NCT06974448 | Start2025 | PhaseObservational | ConditionsLung disease | Participants32 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusNot yet recruiting | Library tests named
|
| NCT06782724 | Start2025 | PhasePhase 2 | ConditionsParkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, Depression and bipolar disorder, Lung disease | Participants108 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusRecruiting | Library tests named
|
| NCT06727370 | Start2024 | PhaseObservational | ConditionsCancer, Lung disease | Participants200 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusRecruiting | Library tests named
|
| NCT06683092 | Start2025 | PhaseObservational | ConditionsLung disease | Participants200 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusRecruiting | Library tests named
|
| NCT06630403 | Start2023 | PhaseObservational | ConditionsLung disease | Participants40 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusCompleted | Library tests named
|
| NCT06377332 | Start2023 | PhaseObservational | ConditionsLung disease | Participants104 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusStatus unknown | Library tests named
|
| NCT06324214 | Start2024 | PhasePhase 2 | ConditionsLung disease | Participants22 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusCompleted | Library tests named
|
| NCT06068322 | Start2023 | PhaseNot applicable | ConditionsHealthy volunteers, Lung disease | Participants208 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusRecruiting | Library tests named
|
| NCT06028711 | Start2023 | PhaseNot applicable | ConditionsLung disease | Participants100 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusCompleted | Library tests named
|
| NCT05395390 | Start2021 | PhaseNot applicable | ConditionsCOVID-19 and long COVID, Lung disease | Participants72 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusCompleted | Library tests named
|
| NCT05237505 | Start2024 | PhasePhase 2 | ConditionsSleep and sleep disorders, Lung disease | Participants240 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusRecruiting | Library tests named
|
| NCT05230927 | Start2020 | PhaseObservational | ConditionsCardiovascular disease, Lung disease | Participants240 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusCompleted | Library tests named
|
| NCT05172388 | Start2021 | PhaseNot applicable | ConditionsCardiovascular disease, Lung disease | Participants81 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusCompleted | Library tests named
|
| NCT04769505 | Start2021 | PhaseNot applicable | ConditionsLung disease | Participants30 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusCompleted | Library tests named
|
| NCT04515758 | Start2019 | PhaseNot applicable | ConditionsObesity and diabetes, Pain and fatigue, Cardiovascular disease, Lung disease | Participants43 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusCompleted | Library tests named
|
| NCT04459156 | Start2020 | PhaseNot applicable | ConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Lung disease | Participants87 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusCompleted | Library tests named
|
| NCT04184180 | Start2019 | PhaseObservational | ConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Lung disease | Participants33 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusCompleted | Library tests named
|
| NCT04179981 | Start2020 | PhaseNot applicable | ConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Sleep and sleep disorders, Lung disease | Participants668 | Lead sponsorOther | StatusRecruiting | Library tests named
|
Questions, answered from the data
Which cognitive test do lung disease trials use most?
The Trail Making Test: 18 of the 110 registered studies name it in an outcome measure, 16%. Next come the Stroop Color-Word Test (18) and Verbal Fluency (13).
Which cognitive test do lung disease trials use most as a primary outcome?
The Trail Making Test, named in a primary outcome by 7 studies. 38 of the 110 studies, 35%, name a cognitive test in a primary outcome.
How long after the start do lung disease trials measure a cognitive outcome?
Half of the primary outcomes that name a library test are measured within 5 months of the start, and the middle half from 9 weeks to 12 months. 36 primary outcomes give a duration.
Which cognitive tests do lung disease trials use together?
The Stroop Color-Word Test with the Trail Making Test most often: 10 studies name both. Next, the Trail Making Test with Verbal Fluency (9).
How many completed lung disease trials have reported results?
27 of the 58 completed lung disease studies, 47%, have reported results: 6 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 23 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 2 did both. The other 31 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.
How the studies are counted
For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.
The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.
A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.
A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.
Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.
Plan the cognitive outcomes of a lung disease trial
Choose tests with a record in registered trials, and run them in a browser at every site, on the same version each visit.