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    16,361Registered studies name a cognitive test in an outcome measure11,688 name a test you can run hereExplore the studies
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  5. /Paired Associate Learning

Clinical trials data

Paired Associate Learning in clinical trials: 204 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Paired Associate Learning in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
204
Name it in a primary outcome, 34%
69 of 204
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.2% in 2016 to 2020
1.2%
By year
Median participants per study
66
By phase
Try Paired Associate LearningTry the Picture Partners Game

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.

  1. Dementia and Alzheimer's34 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  2. Healthy volunteers30 studies, 12 as a primary outcome

  3. Sleep and sleep disorders18 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  4. Substance use and addiction15 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  5. Aging, frailty and exercise14 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  6. Pain and fatigue14 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  7. Depression and bipolar disorder12 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  8. Obesity and diabetes12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  9. Mild cognitive impairment11 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  10. Schizophrenia and psychosis11 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  11. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD9 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  12. Cognitive impairment and decline7 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  13. Stroke6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  14. Cancer6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  15. Brain injury and concussion5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  16. Parkinson's disease5 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  17. COVID-19 and long COVID4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  18. Lung disease3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  19. Multiple sclerosis2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  20. Autism2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  21. Cardiovascular disease2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  22. Epilepsy2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  23. ADHD1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  24. Delirium, surgery and intensive care1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  25. Other conditions32 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

Paired Associate Learning is a primary outcome in 34% of its studies. Across the 15 episodic memory tests with a page here, the median is 41%.

  1. Face-name Memory Task53% of 51 studies

  2. Selective Reminding Task49% of 183 studies

  3. Mnemonic Similarity Task42% of 62 studies

  4. Short Story Recall41% of 315 studies

  5. Hidden Path Learning41% of 66 studies

  6. Verbal Learning39% of 1,832 studies

  7. Complex Figure Copy and Recall39% of 276 studies

  8. Category Fluency37% of 623 studies

  9. Picture Order Memory Test35% of 144 studies

  10. Delayed Recall Module35% of 159 studies

  11. Paired Associate Learning34% of 204 studies

  12. Delayed Match-to-Sample32% of 69 studies

Studies by start year

1.2% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.2% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 7 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 3 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 11 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 12 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 9 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 5 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 11 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 11 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 14 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 11 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 24 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 17 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 15 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 14 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 14 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 10 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200421
200500
200610
200711
200820
200974
201041
201141
201232
2013117
2014123
201594
201650
2017113
2018115
2019144
2020115
2021248
2022175
2023153
2024144
2025145
2026102

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 14 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 125 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/25 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 236 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/31 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 39 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 410 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable95 studies, 33 as a primary outcome
  • Observational19 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200500
  • Phase 126 median, 20 to 42
  • Phase 295 median, 50 to 150
  • Phase 465 median, 25 to 86
  • Not applicable62 median, 40 to 110
  • Observational150 median, 90 to 441
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names Paired Associate Learning, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Phase 1232620 to 42
Phase 2339550 to 150
Phase 4106525 to 86
Not applicable926240 to 110
Observational1915090 to 441

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Paired Associate Learning are measured within 12 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 2 weeks to 4 months. 64 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day22 outcomes, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks43 outcomes, 15 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months49 outcomes, 16 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months30 outcomes, 10 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months22 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years10 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years10 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given15 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

186 of the 201 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting29 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting8 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting16 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Completed101 studies, 38 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early26 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown24 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral37 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Drug83 studies, 25 as a primary outcome
  • Device28 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement28 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Biological6 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Radiation1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other46 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • None given12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States79 studies, 27 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom31 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Spain15 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Australia14 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Canada14 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • France11 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Germany10 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands10 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark9 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Italy9 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Sweden9 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Belgium8 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

50 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 15 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name Paired Associate Learning: 47 of 101, 47%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name Paired Associate Learning and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name Paired Associate LearningEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper10, 10%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only18, 18%1,139, 14%
A results paper only19, 19%1,711, 22%
Neither54, 53%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming Paired Associate Learning name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Rapid Visual Information Processing63 studies, 21 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Tower Planning42 studies, 18 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Verbal Fluency26 studies, 12 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Pattern Recognition Memory23 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Verbal Learning22 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Delayed Match-to-Sample21 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Spatial Working Memory20 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Digit Span Test19 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    One-Touch Tower Planning19 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Trail Making Test19 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for Paired Associate Learning and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Paired Associate Learning202 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Rapid Visual Information Processing203 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Tower Planning247 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Verbal Fluency1,737 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearPaired Associate LearningRapid Visual Information ProcessingTower PlanningVerbal Fluency
20000001
20010001
20020003
20030004
20042219
200503419
20061009
200712322
200821418
200973329
201047229
20114101236
201234334
20131181658
20141211759
2015961179
20165101385
201711132393
201811188107
2019141117121
20201181490
2021241424131
2022172017123
2023151418147
202414919130
2025141616167
2026101312133

Explore the 204 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestPaired Associate Learning

204 studies match. 69 name Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome. Median size 66 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 12 weeks.

Loading 204 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
01020302000: 0 studies, 0 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2004: 2 studies, 1 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome20052006: 1 studies, 0 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2007: 1 studies, 1 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2008: 2 studies, 0 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2009: 7 studies, 4 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2010: 4 studies, 1 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome20102011: 4 studies, 1 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2012: 3 studies, 2 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2013: 11 studies, 7 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2014: 12 studies, 3 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2015: 9 studies, 4 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome20152016: 5 studies, 0 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2017: 11 studies, 3 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2018: 11 studies, 5 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2019: 14 studies, 4 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2020: 11 studies, 5 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome20202021: 24 studies, 8 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2022: 17 studies, 5 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2023: 15 studies, 3 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2024: 14 studies, 4 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome2025: 14 studies, 5 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome20252026: 10 studies, 2 naming Paired Associate Learning in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 2 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200421
200500
200610
200711
200820
200974
201041
201141
201232
2013117
2014123
201594
201650
2017113
2018115
2019144
2020115
2021248
2022175
2023153
2024144
2025145
2026102

Library tests named most

  • Paired Associate Learning204 studies, 69 as a primary outcome
  • Rapid Visual Information Processing63 studies, 21 as a primary outcome
  • Tower Planning42 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Fluency26 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Pattern Recognition Memory23 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning22 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Delayed Match-to-Sample21 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Spatial Working Memory20 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test19 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • One-Touch Tower Planning19 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 56, other 148. Interventional 185, observational 19.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomePaired Associate Learning

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07848477Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary2 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary2 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary2 weeks
  • N-Back TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary2 weeks
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningSecondary2 weeks
  • Mnemonic Similarity TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Affective Go/No-GoSecondary2 weeks
  • Grid Pattern Span TaskSecondary2 weeks
NCT07807176Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants150Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary13 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary13 weeks
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary13 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingPrimary13 weeks
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftPrimary13 weeks
NCT07797543Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants64Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Tower PlanningSecondary12 weeks
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary12 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingSecondary12 weeks
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningSecondary12 weeks
NCT07796932Start2027PhaseObservationalConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants150Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Paired Associate LearningPrimary3 years
NCT07752342Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteers, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants150Lead sponsorIndustryStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Paired Associate LearningOther outcome8 weeks
  • Word Pair LearningOther outcome8 weeks
NCT07751614Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Paired Associate LearningOther outcome4 weeks
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionOther outcome4 weeks
  • Spatial Working MemoryOther outcome4 weeks
NCT07621549Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Tower PlanningSecondary13 weeks
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary13 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingSecondary13 weeks
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondary13 weeks
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningSecondary13 weeks
NCT07583979Start2026PhasePhase 3ConditionsCancerParticipants168Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Paired Associate LearningPrimary4 months
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingPrimary4 months
  • Spatial Working MemoryPrimary4 months
NCT07532460Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskPrimary
  • Paired Associate LearningPrimary
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary
NCT07531940Start2026PhasePhase 1ConditionsDementia and Alzheimer'sParticipants25Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary8 months
  • Paired Associate LearningOther outcome8 months
  • Vocabulary TestOther outcome6 months
  • Pattern Recognition MemoryOther outcome8 months
NCT07402928Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsParkinson's disease, Healthy volunteersParticipants140Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary2 days
NCT07373431Start2020PhaseNot applicableConditionsAutism, EpilepsyParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Tower PlanningPrimary6 months
  • Paired Associate LearningWording unclear
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftPrimary6 months
NCT07326124Start2027PhasePhase 3ConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants250Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary12 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingSecondary12 weeks
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondary12 weeks
NCT07280468Start2026PhasePhase 4ConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary12 months
NCT07229521Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetes, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Paired Associate LearningPrimary12 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingPrimary12 weeks
  • Delayed Match-to-SamplePrimary12 weeks
  • Pattern Recognition MemoryPrimary12 weeks
NCT07227259Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary13 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingSecondary13 weeks
NCT07142954Start2025PhasePhase 3ConditionsDementia and Alzheimer'sParticipants3,400Lead sponsorIndustryStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Paired Associate LearningPrimary7 years
NCT07073781Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsObesity and diabetesParticipants70Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary12 weeks
  • Choice Reaction TimeSecondary12 weeks
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary12 weeks
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftSecondary12 weeks
  • Recognition Memory TestPrimary12 weeks
NCT07028983Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants600Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary12 months
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary12 months
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingSecondary12 months
NCT06932237Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsCOVID-19 and long COVIDParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 months
  • Tower PlanningPrimary12 months
  • Paired Associate LearningPrimary12 months
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingPrimary12 months
NCT06840951Start2025PhasePhase 1ConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants10Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Tower PlanningOther outcome2 weeks
  • Paired Associate LearningOther outcome2 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingOther outcome2 weeks
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionOther outcome2 weeks
  • Delayed Match-to-SampleOther outcome2 weeks
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningOther outcome2 weeks
  • Recognition Memory TestOther outcome2 weeks
NCT06819163Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants109Lead sponsorIndustryStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary12 weeks
NCT06808048Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addiction, Pain and fatigueParticipants180Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary4 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary4 months
  • Digit Span TestPrimary4 months
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary4 months
  • Tower PlanningPrimary4 months
  • Paired Associate LearningPrimary4 months
  • Iowa Gambling LitePrimary4 months
  • Word Pair LearningPrimary4 months
NCT06778564Start2026PhasePhase 3ConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants250Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary6 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingSecondary6 weeks
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondary6 weeks
NCT06653153Start2024PhasePhase 3ConditionsDementia and Alzheimer'sParticipants1,400Lead sponsorIndustryStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Category FluencySecondary5 years
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary5 years

Page 1 of 9

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use Paired Associate Learning?

204 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 69 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use Paired Associate Learning?

Most often in dementia and Alzheimer's disease (34), healthy volunteers (30) and sleep and sleep disorders (18).

Do new trials use Paired Associate Learning more or less?

1.2% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.2% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 2% larger.

Which tests do trials use with Paired Associate Learning?

Rapid Visual Information Processing (63 studies), Tower Planning (42 studies) and Verbal Fluency (26 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 trials that use Paired Associate Learning enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 95 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 50 to 150. 33 of them give a size.

When do trials measure Paired Associate Learning?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Paired Associate Learning are measured within 12 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 2 weeks to 4 months. 64 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use Paired Associate Learning have reported results?

47 of the 101 completed studies that name it, 47%, have reported results: 28 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 29 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 10 did both. The other 54 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Paired Associate Learning: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • Picture Partners Game: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

The census counts Paired Associate Learning and Picture Partners Game as one test family, so this page counts their studies together: 204 studies.

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