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  5. /Tower Planning

Clinical trials data

Tower Planning in clinical trials: 247 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Tower Planning in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
247
Name it in a primary outcome, 40%
99 of 247
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.7% in 2016 to 2020
1.3%
By year
Median participants per study
63
By phase
Try Tower Planning

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Schizophrenia and psychosis40 studies, 12 as a primary outcome

  2. Depression and bipolar disorder29 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  3. ADHD20 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  4. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD19 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  5. Aging, frailty and exercise18 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  6. Parkinson's disease13 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  7. Pain and fatigue11 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  8. Dementia and Alzheimer's9 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  9. Brain injury and concussion9 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  10. Healthy volunteers9 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  11. Substance use and addiction9 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  12. Sleep and sleep disorders9 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  13. Stroke7 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  14. Autism7 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  15. Obesity and diabetes6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  16. COVID-19 and long COVID6 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  17. Mild cognitive impairment5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  18. Multiple sclerosis5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  19. Cancer4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  20. Cognitive impairment and decline3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  21. Delirium, surgery and intensive care3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  22. Cardiovascular disease3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  23. Huntington's disease3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  24. Epilepsy2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  25. Other conditions40 studies, 20 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

Tower Planning is a primary outcome in 40% of its studies. Across the 30 executive function tests with a page here, the median is 37%.
  1. Cue Reactivity Task56% of 188 studies

  2. Stroop Color-Word Test41% of 1,929 studies

  3. Tower Planning40% of 247 studies

  4. Task Switching Test40% of 334 studies

  5. Dimensional Change Card Sort38% of 214 studies

  6. Verbal Fluency37% of 1,745 studies

  7. Delay Discounting36% of 257 studies

  8. Clock Drawing Task35% of 281 studies

  9. Matrix Reasoning35% of 272 studies

  10. Card Sorting Test (Berg)34% of 411 studies

  11. Trail Making Test31% of 2,293 studies

  12. AX Continuous Performance Test17% of 191 studies

Studies by start year

1.3% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.7% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 4 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 3 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 12 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 3 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 16 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 7 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 11 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 13 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 23 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 8 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 17 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 14 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 24 studies, 10 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 17 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 18 studies, 9 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 19 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 16 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 12 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200411
200541
200600
200731
200842
200932
201021
2011126
201233
2013167
201473
2015116
2016134
2017237
201882
2019177
2020145
20212410
2022174
2023189
2024197
2025168
2026123

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 11 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 16 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/25 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 231 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/31 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 311 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 410 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable155 studies, 62 as a primary outcome
  • Observational27 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200500
  • Phase 253 median, 40 to 102
  • Phase 3338 median, 51 to 611
  • Phase 450 median, 24 to 76
  • Not applicable64 median, 41 to 118
  • Observational80 median, 43 to 190
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names Tower Planning, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Phase 2315340 to 102
Phase 31033851 to 611
Phase 4105024 to 76
Not applicable1546441 to 118
Observational268043 to 190

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Tower Planning are measured within 12 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 4 weeks to 6 months. 94 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day23 outcomes, 15 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks39 outcomes, 12 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months74 outcomes, 32 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months49 outcomes, 22 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months31 outcomes, 7 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years13 outcomes, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years2 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given16 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

231 of the 247 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting34 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting8 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Completed132 studies, 59 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early15 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown51 studies, 17 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral79 studies, 35 as a primary outcome
  • Drug57 studies, 23 as a primary outcome
  • Device46 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement20 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Biological2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Genetic3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Other59 studies, 19 as a primary outcome
  • None given8 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States64 studies, 35 as a primary outcome
  • Italy24 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Canada21 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Spain19 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom15 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • France14 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Germany13 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Taiwan13 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark12 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Belgium10 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Brazil9 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands8 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

54 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 15 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name Tower Planning: 77 of 132, 58%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name Tower Planning and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name Tower PlanningEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper14, 11%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only27, 20%1,139, 14%
A results paper only36, 27%1,711, 22%
Neither55, 42%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming Tower Planning name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Verbal Fluency66 studies, 31 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Trail Making Test57 studies, 19 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    One-Touch Tower Planning48 studies, 13 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Digit Span Test47 studies, 15 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Paired Associate Learning42 studies, 18 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Rapid Visual Information Processing38 studies, 12 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Stroop Color-Word Test37 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Verbal Learning31 studies, 15 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Card Sorting Test (Berg)21 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    N-Back Task19 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for Tower Planning and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Tower Planning247 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Verbal Fluency1,737 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Trail Making Test2,281 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
One-Touch Tower Planning51 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearTower PlanningVerbal FluencyTrail Making TestOne-Touch Tower Planning
20000120
20010100
20020330
20030480
200419100
2005419140
200609140
2007322210
2008418171
2009329290
2010229320
20111236472
2012334440
20131658603
2014759660
20151179850
201613851033
201723931227
201881071170
2019171211554
202014901223
2021241311726
2022171231884
2023181472285
2024191302114
2025161672105
2026121332014

Explore the 247 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestTower Planning

247 studies match. 99 name Tower Planning in a primary outcome. Median size 63 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 12 weeks.

Loading 247 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
01020302000: 0 studies, 0 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2004: 1 studies, 1 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2005: 4 studies, 1 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2007: 3 studies, 1 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2008: 4 studies, 2 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2009: 3 studies, 2 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2010: 2 studies, 1 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome20102011: 12 studies, 6 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2012: 3 studies, 3 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2013: 16 studies, 7 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2014: 7 studies, 3 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2015: 11 studies, 6 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome20152016: 13 studies, 4 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2017: 23 studies, 7 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2018: 8 studies, 2 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2019: 17 studies, 7 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2020: 14 studies, 5 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome20202021: 24 studies, 10 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2022: 17 studies, 4 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2023: 18 studies, 9 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2024: 19 studies, 7 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome2025: 16 studies, 8 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome20252026: 12 studies, 3 naming Tower Planning in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200411
200541
200600
200731
200842
200932
201021
2011126
201233
2013167
201473
2015116
2016134
2017237
201882
2019177
2020145
20212410
2022174
2023189
2024197
2025168
2026123

Library tests named most

  • Tower Planning247 studies, 99 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Fluency66 studies, 31 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test57 studies, 19 as a primary outcome
  • One-Touch Tower Planning48 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test47 studies, 15 as a primary outcome
  • Paired Associate Learning42 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Rapid Visual Information Processing38 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test37 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning31 studies, 15 as a primary outcome
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)21 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 23, other 224. Interventional 220, observational 27.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeTower Planning

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07900048Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHDParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimary16 weeks
  • Tower PlanningPrimary16 weeks
  • AX Continuous Performance TestWording unclear
NCT07802990Start2026PhasePhase 1/2ConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants28Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskSecondary3 weeks
  • Tower PlanningSecondary3 weeks
NCT07797543Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants64Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Tower PlanningSecondary12 weeks
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary12 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingSecondary12 weeks
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningSecondary12 weeks
NCT07752316Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairmentParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Tower PlanningSecondary2 weeks
  • Simple Reaction TimeSecondary2 weeks
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestSecondary2 weeks
NCT07729969Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants110Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary12 months
  • Category FluencySecondary12 months
  • Tower PlanningSecondary12 months
  • Symbol Scan TaskSecondary12 months
  • Delayed Match-to-SampleSecondary12 months
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningSecondary12 months
NCT07680959Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary3 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary3 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary3 weeks
  • Tower PlanningSecondary3 weeks
NCT07658898Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants74Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary4 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary4 weeks
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Tower PlanningSecondary4 weeks
NCT07639203Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Tower PlanningPrimary4 months
NCT07621549Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Tower PlanningSecondary13 weeks
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary13 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingSecondary13 weeks
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondary13 weeks
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningSecondary13 weeks
NCT07569120Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsParkinson's disease, Healthy volunteers, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants165Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary2 days
  • Verbal FluencySecondary2 days
  • Digit Span TestSecondary2 days
  • Category FluencySecondary2 days
  • Tower PlanningSecondary2 days
NCT07563114Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants63Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary1 week
  • Verbal LearningPrimary1 week
  • Tower PlanningPrimary1 week
  • Token Commands TaskPrimary1 week
NCT07556250Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants225Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary1 week
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary2 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary1 week
  • Digit Span TestPrimary1 week
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary1 week
  • Task Switching TestPrimary1 week
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary2 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary2 weeks
  • Tower PlanningSecondary1 week
  • Iowa Gambling LiteSecondary1 week
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimary1 week
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningSecondary1 week
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftPrimary1 week
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary1 week
  • Alternative Uses TaskSecondary1 week
  • Social Value OrientationSecondary2 weeks
  • Remote Associates TestSecondary1 week
  • Repeated Prisoner's DilemmaSecondary2 weeks
  • Ellsberg Urns TaskSecondary2 weeks
NCT07531888Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCognitive impairment and declineParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary6 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary6 weeks
  • Tower PlanningPrimary6 weeks
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestPrimary6 weeks
NCT07431320Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussion, Healthy volunteersParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondarysame day
  • Tower PlanningSecondarysame day
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestSecondarysame day
NCT07426315Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants108Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Tower PlanningPrimary13 weeks
NCT07426302Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHD, AutismParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Tower PlanningPrimary6 months
NCT07426289Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsADHDParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Tower PlanningPrimary6 weeks
NCT07404085Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Depression and bipolar disorderParticipants160Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary8 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary8 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary8 weeks
  • Tower PlanningPrimary8 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingPrimary8 weeks
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionPrimary8 weeks
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary8 weeks
  • Spatial Working MemoryPrimary8 weeks
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningPrimary8 weeks
NCT07373431Start2020PhaseNot applicableConditionsAutism, EpilepsyParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Tower PlanningPrimary6 months
  • Paired Associate LearningWording unclear
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftPrimary6 months
NCT07295912Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsAutismParticipants62Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary1 week
  • Task Switching TestPrimary
  • Tower PlanningPrimary1 week
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestPrimary1 week
NCT07278206Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsCOVID-19 and long COVIDParticipants66Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Tower PlanningSecondary2 weeks
  • Simple Reaction TimeSecondary6 months
  • Effort Discounting TaskSecondary2 weeks
NCT07160153Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants29Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary8 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary8 weeks
  • Continuous Performance TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Tower PlanningSecondary8 weeks
NCT07135232Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants72Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestSecondary4 weeks
  • Tower PlanningSecondary4 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingPrimary1 week
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningSecondary4 weeks
  • Word Pair LearningSecondary4 weeks
NCT07111988Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Tower PlanningSecondary14 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingSecondary14 weeks
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary14 weeks
NCT07022171Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants86Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 weeks
  • N-Back TaskSecondary6 weeks
  • Tower PlanningSecondary6 weeks

Page 1 of 10

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use Tower Planning?

247 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 99 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use Tower Planning?

Most often in schizophrenia and psychosis (40), depression and bipolar disorder (29) and ADHD (20).

Do new trials use Tower Planning more or less?

1.3% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 1.7% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 21% smaller.

Which tests do trials use with Tower Planning?

Verbal Fluency (66 studies), the Trail Making Test (57 studies) and One-Touch Tower Planning (48 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 trials that use Tower Planning enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 53 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 40 to 102. 31 of them give a size.

When do trials measure Tower Planning?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Tower Planning are measured within 12 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 4 weeks to 6 months. 94 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use Tower Planning have reported results?

77 of the 132 completed studies that name it, 58%, have reported results: 41 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 50 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 14 did both. The other 55 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Tower Planning: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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