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Clinical trials data

Probabilistic Reversal Learning in clinical trials: 66 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Probabilistic Reversal Learning in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
66
Name it in a primary outcome, 50%
33 of 66
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.4% in 2016 to 2020
0.4%
By year
Median participants per study
60
By phase
Try Probabilistic Reversal Learning

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Healthy volunteers14 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

  2. Depression and bipolar disorder13 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  3. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  4. Substance use and addiction9 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  5. Schizophrenia and psychosis7 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  6. ADHD3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  7. Parkinson's disease2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  8. Autism2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  9. Brain injury and concussion1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  10. Aging, frailty and exercise1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  11. Sleep and sleep disorders1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  12. Pain and fatigue1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  13. Other conditions14 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

Probabilistic Reversal Learning is a primary outcome in 50% of its studies. Across the 30 executive function tests with a page here, the median is 37%.
  1. Cue Reactivity Task56% of 188 studies

  2. Probabilistic Reversal Learning50% of 66 studies

  3. Stroop Color-Word Test41% of 1,929 studies

  4. Tower Planning40% of 247 studies

  5. Task Switching Test40% of 334 studies

  6. Dimensional Change Card Sort38% of 214 studies

  7. Verbal Fluency37% of 1,745 studies

  8. Delay Discounting36% of 257 studies

  9. Clock Drawing Task35% of 281 studies

  10. Matrix Reasoning35% of 272 studies

  11. Card Sorting Test (Berg)34% of 411 studies

  12. Trail Making Test31% of 2,293 studies

  13. AX Continuous Performance Test17% of 191 studies

Studies by start year

0.4% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.4% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 7 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 3 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 6 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 3 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 6 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 10 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 9 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 12 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200900
201000
201110
201220
201300
201400
201500
201610
201775
201831
201932
202066
202132
202262
202320
2024105
202594
2026125

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 15 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 19 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 28 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 44 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable32 studies, 19 as a primary outcome
  • Observational8 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100
  • Not applicable80 median, 46 to 114
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names Probabilistic Reversal Learning, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable318046 to 114

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Probabilistic Reversal Learning are measured within 4 days of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 5 weeks. 33 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day23 outcomes, 16 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks16 outcomes, 8 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months13 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months5 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months3 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years1 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years2 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given3 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

63 of the 66 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting20 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Completed26 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown7 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral15 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Drug30 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Device9 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Biological1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Other11 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • None given2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States32 studies, 20 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom11 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • China5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Norway3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Canada2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • France2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Germany2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Singapore2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Hungary1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Switzerland1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

12 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 1 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name Probabilistic Reversal Learning: 11 of 26, 42%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name Probabilistic Reversal Learning and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name Probabilistic Reversal LearningEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper0, 0%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only4, 15%1,139, 14%
A results paper only7, 27%1,711, 22%
Neither15, 58%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Stroop Color-Word Test10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Go/No-Go Task9 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Intra/Extra Dimensional Set Shift8 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Card Sorting Test (Berg)8 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Delay Discounting8 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Digit Span Test7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Stop-Signal Task7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Verbal Learning7 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Verbal Fluency6 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Trust Game5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for Probabilistic Reversal Learning and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Probabilistic Reversal Learning65 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Stroop Color-Word Test1,922 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Go/No-Go Task699 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026
Intra/Extra Dimensional Set Shift49 studies, 2000 to 2026
01002002000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearProbabilistic Reversal LearningStroop Color-Word TestGo/No-Go TaskIntra/Extra Dimensional Set Shift
20000300
20010310
20020520
20030210
20040820
200501100
20060610
200701310
200801540
200901650
201002982
2011131133
2012232130
2013042191
2014064221
2015067240
2016185341
2017779372
20183103400
20193119463
2020699324
20213151624
20226168606
20232198678
202410182641
20259198777
202612193646

Explore the 66 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestProbabilistic Reversal Learning

66 studies match. 33 name Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome. Median size 60 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 4 days.

Loading 66 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
0510152000: 0 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome20102011: 1 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2012: 2 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2013: 0 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2014: 0 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2015: 0 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome20152016: 1 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2017: 7 studies, 5 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2018: 3 studies, 1 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2019: 3 studies, 2 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2020: 6 studies, 6 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome20202021: 3 studies, 2 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2022: 6 studies, 2 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2023: 2 studies, 0 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2024: 10 studies, 5 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome2025: 9 studies, 4 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome20252026: 12 studies, 5 naming Probabilistic Reversal Learning in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 1 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200900
201000
201110
201220
201300
201400
201500
201610
201775
201831
201932
202066
202132
202262
202320
2024105
202594
2026125

Library tests named most

  • Probabilistic Reversal Learning66 studies, 33 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Go/No-Go Task9 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set Shift8 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)8 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Delay Discounting8 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Stop-Signal Task7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning7 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Fluency6 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: other 66. Interventional 58, observational 8.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeProbabilistic Reversal Learning

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07900893Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Healthy volunteersParticipants10,000Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Trust GamePrimarysame day
  • Cue Blocking TaskPrimarysame day
NCT07875790Start2028PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Healthy volunteersParticipants325Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Trust GamePrimarysame day
  • Cue Blocking TaskPrimarysame day
NCT07853807Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Healthy volunteersParticipants325Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Trust GamePrimarysame day
  • Cue Blocking TaskPrimarysame day
NCT07849907Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants25Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Changing Evidence TaskPrimarysame day
NCT07848477Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary2 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary2 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary2 weeks
  • N-Back TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary2 weeks
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningSecondary2 weeks
  • Mnemonic Similarity TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Affective Go/No-GoSecondary2 weeks
  • Grid Pattern Span TaskSecondary2 weeks
NCT07805200Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningSecondary5 days
NCT07689981Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Balloon RiskSecondary
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningSecondary
NCT07610369Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsParkinson's disease, Depression and bipolar disorderParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary13 weeks
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningSecondary13 weeks
  • Simon TaskSecondary13 weeks
NCT07590999Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants106Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary9 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary9 weeks
  • N-Back TaskSecondary9 weeks
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary9 weeks
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningSecondary9 weeks
  • Affective Go/No-GoSecondary9 weeks
NCT07556250Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants225Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary1 week
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary2 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary1 week
  • Digit Span TestPrimary1 week
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary1 week
  • Task Switching TestPrimary1 week
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary2 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary2 weeks
  • Tower PlanningSecondary1 week
  • Iowa Gambling LiteSecondary1 week
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimary1 week
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningSecondary1 week
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftPrimary1 week
  • Betting Choice TaskSecondary1 week
  • Alternative Uses TaskSecondary1 week
  • Social Value OrientationSecondary2 weeks
  • Remote Associates TestSecondary1 week
  • Repeated Prisoner's DilemmaSecondary2 weeks
  • Ellsberg Urns TaskSecondary2 weeks
NCT07511439Start2026PhasePhase 4ConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestOther outcome12 months
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome12 months
  • Symbol CodingOther outcome12 months
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallOther outcome12 months
  • Simple Reaction TimeOther outcome12 months
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionOther outcome12 months
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskOther outcome12 months
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningOther outcome12 months
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftOther outcome12 months
NCT07456501Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Healthy volunteersParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningSecondary1 week
  • Ball-Toss GameSecondary1 week
NCT07408206Start2026PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants70Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Emotional Stroop TaskSecondary8 weeks
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningSecondary8 weeks
  • Alternative Uses TaskOther outcome8 weeks
  • Remote Associates TestOther outcome8 weeks
NCT07296874Start2026PhasePhase 1ConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants92Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimarysame day
  • Verbal FluencyPrimarysame day
  • Digit Span TestPrimarysame day
  • N-Back TaskPrimarysame day
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimarysame day
  • Category FluencyOther outcomesame day
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftPrimarysame day
  • Prospective Memory TaskPrimarysame day
NCT07217340Start2025PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants25Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestOther outcome7 weeks
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningOther outcome7 weeks
NCT07103902Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimary1 week
NCT07022366Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteersParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondarysame day
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondarysame day
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Affective Go/No-GoSecondarysame day
NCT06835556Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimary16 weeks
  • Trust GameSecondary
  • Cue Blocking TaskSecondary
NCT06798636Start2025PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Dot-Probe TaskSecondary5 months
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningSecondary5 months
  • Approach-Avoidance TaskSecondary5 months
NCT06736769Start2025PhasePhase 2ConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimary4 days
NCT06692192Start2025PhasePhase 1ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimary1 week
NCT06624150Start2024PhasePhase 1ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants1Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimary2 weeks
NCT06624137Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Healthy volunteers, Substance use and addiction, Anxiety, PTSD and OCD, Pain and fatigueParticipants5Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningPrimary6 weeks
  • Light and Tone TaskPrimary6 weeks
NCT06616285Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteers, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Symbol CodingSecondary6 months
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Effort Discounting TaskSecondary6 months
NCT06615908Start2025PhasePhase 1ConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningSecondary6 months

Page 1 of 3

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use Probabilistic Reversal Learning?

66 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 33 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use Probabilistic Reversal Learning?

Most often in healthy volunteers (14), depression and bipolar disorder (13) and anxiety, PTSD and OCD (12).

Do new trials use Probabilistic Reversal Learning more or less?

0.4% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.4% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 5% smaller.

Which tests do trials use with Probabilistic Reversal Learning?

The Stroop Color-Word Test (10 studies), the Go/No-Go Task (9 studies) and Intra/Extra Dimensional Set Shift (8 studies).

When do trials measure Probabilistic Reversal Learning?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Probabilistic Reversal Learning are measured within 4 days of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 5 weeks. 33 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use Probabilistic Reversal Learning have reported results?

11 of the 26 completed studies that name it, 42%, have reported results: 4 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 7 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 0 did both. The other 15 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Probabilistic Reversal Learning: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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