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  1. Home
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  5. /Ball-Toss Game

Clinical trials data

Ball-Toss Game in clinical trials: 33 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names the Ball-Toss Game in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
33
Name it in a primary outcome, 45%
15 of 33
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.2% in 2016 to 2020
0.2%
By year
Median participants per study
61
By phase
Try the Ball-Toss Game

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Depression and bipolar disorder7 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  2. Autism3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  3. Substance use and addiction2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  4. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  5. ADHD1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  6. Healthy volunteers1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  7. Aging, frailty and exercise1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  8. Sleep and sleep disorders1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  9. Other conditions17 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

The Ball-Toss Game is a primary outcome in 45% of its studies. Across the 9 social cognition tests with a page here, the median is 50%.
  1. Social Slips Stories Task58% of 24 studies

  2. Emotion Regulation Task55% of 56 studies

  3. Scrambled Sentences Test55% of 20 studies

  4. Trust Game54% of 26 studies

  5. Approach-Avoidance Task50% of 28 studies

  6. Ball-Toss Game45% of 33 studies

  7. Implicit Association Test (IAT)37% of 113 studies

  8. Emoji Emotion Recognition35% of 187 studies

  9. Indirect Hints Task27% of 33 studies

Studies by start year

0.2% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.2% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 4 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 4 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 4 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 3 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 4 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200900
201000
201100
201200
201300
201400
201542
201600
201720
201810
201943
202030
202121
202243
202332
202442
202521
202641

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 16 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 12 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 21 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 41 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable21 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Observational2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100
  • Not applicable60 median, 30 to 80
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names the Ball-Toss Game, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable216030 to 80

When trials measure it

Most primary outcomes that name the Ball-Toss Game are measured within a day of the start: three in four of the 14 that give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day15 outcomes, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks8 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months2 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months1 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months3 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given4 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

29 of the 33 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting8 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Completed13 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral10 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Drug9 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Device8 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Biological4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States17 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • France8 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • China2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Czechia1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Germany1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Spain1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Switzerland1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

8 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 0 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name the Ball-Toss Game: 5 of 13, 38%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name the Ball-Toss Game and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name the Ball-Toss GameEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper0, 0%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only1, 8%1,139, 14%
A results paper only4, 31%1,711, 22%
Neither8, 62%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming the Ball-Toss Game name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Emoji Emotion Recognition2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Trust Game2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Delay Discounting2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Dimensional Change Card Sort2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Probabilistic Reward Task2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Task Switching Test2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Emotion Regulation Task1 study, 1 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Balloon Risk1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Continuous Performance Test1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Corsi Block-Tapping Test1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for the Ball-Toss Game and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Ball-Toss Game33 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026
Emoji Emotion Recognition186 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026
Trust Game25 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026
Delay Discounting254 studies, 2000 to 2026
025502000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearBall-Toss GameEmoji Emotion RecognitionTrust GameDelay Discounting
20000000
20010000
20020000
20030000
20040100
20050000
20060000
20070201
20080101
20090311
20100214
20110411
20120101
201303110
201404311
20154506
201601328
2017211213
201819122
2019412231
2020311014
2021218119
2022416118
2023316423
2024414227
2025219123
2026421220

Explore the 33 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestThe Ball-Toss Game

33 studies match. 15 name the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome. Median size 61 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: same day.

Loading 33 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
012342000: 0 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2013: 0 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2014: 0 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2015: 4 studies, 2 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome20152016: 0 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2017: 2 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2018: 1 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2019: 4 studies, 3 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2020: 3 studies, 0 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome20202021: 2 studies, 1 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2022: 4 studies, 3 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2023: 3 studies, 2 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2024: 4 studies, 2 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome2025: 2 studies, 1 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome20252026: 4 studies, 1 naming the Ball-Toss Game in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200900
201000
201100
201200
201300
201400
201542
201600
201720
201810
201943
202030
202121
202243
202332
202442
202521
202641

Library tests named most

  • Ball-Toss Game33 studies, 15 as a primary outcome
  • Emoji Emotion Recognition2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Trust Game2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Delay Discounting2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Dimensional Change Card Sort2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Probabilistic Reward Task2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Task Switching Test2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Emotion Regulation Task1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Balloon Risk1 study, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Continuous Performance Test1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

Conditions

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: other 33. Interventional 31, observational 2.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeThe Ball-Toss Game

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07714005Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants12Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary8 weeks
  • Ball-Toss GameSecondary8 weeks
  • Multi-Source Interference TaskSecondary8 weeks
NCT07693153Start2026PhasePhase 1ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants51Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionPrimary
  • Ball-Toss GameSecondary
NCT07456501Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Healthy volunteersParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningSecondary1 week
  • Ball-Toss GameSecondary1 week
NCT07428200Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants62Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Ball-Toss GamePrimarysame day
NCT06919432Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants66Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Ball-Toss GameSecondary1 week
NCT06882330Start2020PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants106Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Ball-Toss GameSecondary6 months
NCT06624904Start2024PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants68Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Ball-Toss GameSecondarysame day
NCT06519487Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants480Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Ball-Toss GamePrimarysame day
NCT06286930Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants15Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Ball-Toss GamePrimary12 months
  • Trust GamePrimary12 months
NCT06256952Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Ball-Toss GamePrimarysame day
NCT06198023Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Ball-Toss GameSecondary12 months
  • Trust GameSecondary12 months
NCT05787106Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants58Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Ball-Toss GamePrimarysame day
NCT05691283Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsAutismParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Task Switching TestSecondarysame day
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondarysame day
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestSecondarysame day
  • Ball-Toss GamePrimarysame day
NCT05520996Start2021PhaseObservationalConditionsADHDParticipants24Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Ball-Toss GamePrimary
NCT05396352Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsAutismParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Ball-Toss GamePrimarysame day
NCT05318755Start2022PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants240Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Mental RotationSecondarysame day
  • Ball-Toss GamePrimary12 months
NCT05238896Start2022PhasePhase 4ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants5Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionPrimarysame day
  • Ball-Toss GameSecondary1 week
NCT05121129Start2021PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary4 weeks
  • Balloon RiskSecondary2 weeks
  • Effort for Rewards TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Effort Discounting TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Ball-Toss GameSecondary2 weeks
NCT04777643Start2022PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants19Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Emotion Regulation TaskPrimarysame day
  • Ball-Toss GamePrimarysame day
NCT04446442Start2019PhaseNot applicableConditionsAutismParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Task Switching TestSecondary1 week
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary1 week
  • Ball-Toss GameSecondary1 week
NCT04350515Start2019PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants69Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Ball-Toss GamePrimarysame day
NCT04309877Start2023PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipantsNot givenLead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Ball-Toss GameOther outcomesame day
NCT04288908Start2020PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants131Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Ball-Toss GameSecondary
NCT04244786Start2019PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants13Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Ball-Toss GamePrimary2 weeks
NCT04150380Start2020PhasePhase 2ConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants383Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Iowa Gambling LiteSecondary
  • Ball-Toss GameSecondary

Page 1 of 2

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use the Ball-Toss Game?

33 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 15 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use the Ball-Toss Game?

Most often in depression and bipolar disorder (7), autism (3) and substance use and addiction (2).

Do new trials use the Ball-Toss Game more or less?

0.2% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.2% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 5% smaller.

Which tests do trials use with the Ball-Toss Game?

Emoji Emotion Recognition (2 studies), the Trust Game (2 studies) and Delay Discounting (2 studies).

When do trials measure the Ball-Toss Game?

Most primary outcomes that name the Ball-Toss Game are measured within a day of the start: three in four of the 14 that give a duration.

How many completed trials that use the Ball-Toss Game have reported results?

5 of the 13 completed studies that name it, 38%, have reported results: 1 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 4 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 0 did both. The other 8 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Ball-Toss Game: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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