ConductCognition

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    Evidence

    1. Verbal Fluency TestGradeA
    2. Stroop Color-Word TestGradeA
    3. Trail Making TestGradeA
    4. N-Back TaskGradeA
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    8. Verbal Learning TestGradeA
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    • Older Adult Executive SpeedGradeA20 min
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    • At-Home MemoryGradeA26 min
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    • Motor and AttentionGradeA−29 min
    • Motor LearningGradeB34 min

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    • Food Choice and Self-ControlGradeA−29 min
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    All 25 conditions
    16,361Registered studies name a cognitive test in an outcome measure11,688 name a test you can run hereExplore the studies
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  5. /Verbal Learning

Clinical trials data

Verbal Learning in clinical trials: 1,832 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Verbal Learning in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
1,832
Name it in a primary outcome, 39%
711 of 1,832
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 11.1% in 2016 to 2020
10.0%
By year
Median participants per study
63
By phase
Try Verbal LearningTry the Grocery Trip Game

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.

  1. Cancer235 studies, 77 as a primary outcome

  2. Dementia and Alzheimer's224 studies, 102 as a primary outcome

  3. Mild cognitive impairment183 studies, 101 as a primary outcome

  4. Depression and bipolar disorder178 studies, 51 as a primary outcome

  5. Multiple sclerosis139 studies, 42 as a primary outcome

  6. Aging, frailty and exercise128 studies, 50 as a primary outcome

  7. Schizophrenia and psychosis112 studies, 37 as a primary outcome

  8. Brain injury and concussion111 studies, 50 as a primary outcome

  9. Cognitive impairment and decline79 studies, 43 as a primary outcome

  10. Substance use and addiction77 studies, 33 as a primary outcome

  11. Obesity and diabetes74 studies, 27 as a primary outcome

  12. Pain and fatigue72 studies, 16 as a primary outcome

  13. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD70 studies, 27 as a primary outcome

  14. Sleep and sleep disorders66 studies, 18 as a primary outcome

  15. Cardiovascular disease64 studies, 21 as a primary outcome

  16. Stroke63 studies, 19 as a primary outcome

  17. Parkinson's disease61 studies, 22 as a primary outcome

  18. Healthy volunteers56 studies, 26 as a primary outcome

  19. Delirium, surgery and intensive care51 studies, 31 as a primary outcome

  20. Epilepsy25 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  21. COVID-19 and long COVID22 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  22. Lung disease9 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  23. ADHD8 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  24. Huntington's disease6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  25. Autism5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  26. Hearing loss5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  27. Other conditions198 studies, 87 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

Verbal Learning is a primary outcome in 39% of its studies. Across the 15 episodic memory tests with a page here, the median is 41%.

  1. Face-name Memory Task53% of 51 studies

  2. Selective Reminding Task49% of 183 studies

  3. Mnemonic Similarity Task42% of 62 studies

  4. Short Story Recall41% of 315 studies

  5. Hidden Path Learning41% of 66 studies

  6. Verbal Learning39% of 1,832 studies

  7. Complex Figure Copy and Recall39% of 276 studies

  8. Category Fluency37% of 623 studies

  9. Picture Order Memory Test35% of 144 studies

  10. Delayed Recall Module35% of 159 studies

  11. Paired Associate Learning34% of 204 studies

  12. Delayed Match-to-Sample32% of 69 studies

Studies by start year

10.0% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 11.1% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
01002000: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 5 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 8 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 14 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 14 studies, 9 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 17 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 13 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 22 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 28 studies, 15 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 28 studies, 9 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 42 studies, 15 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 33 studies, 15 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 42 studies, 23 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 53 studies, 33 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 82 studies, 26 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 91 studies, 39 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 98 studies, 37 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 107 studies, 39 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 92 studies, 38 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 122 studies, 53 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 76 studies, 31 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 137 studies, 65 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 138 studies, 41 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 157 studies, 60 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 144 studies, 46 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 132 studies, 39 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 123 studies, 40 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200010
200151
200287
2003147
2004149
2005176
2006135
2007228
20082815
2009289
20104215
20113315
20124223
20135333
20148226
20159139
20169837
201710739
20189238
201912253
20207631
202113765
202213841
202315760
202414446
202513239
202612340

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 136 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 157 studies, 21 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/244 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2224 studies, 73 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/319 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 3104 studies, 35 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 487 studies, 33 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable997 studies, 400 as a primary outcome
  • Observational264 studies, 112 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200500
  • Early phase 124 median, 17 to 83
  • Phase 132 median, 18 to 58
  • Phase 1/240 median, 19 to 73
  • Phase 263 median, 40 to 114
  • Phase 2/3100 median, 76 to 280
  • Phase 3159 median, 60 to 400
  • Phase 454 median, 28 to 117
  • Not applicable60 median, 30 to 104
  • Observational113 median, 60 to 250
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names Verbal Learning, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Early phase 1342417 to 83
Phase 1563218 to 58
Phase 1/2414019 to 73
Phase 22196340 to 114
Phase 2/31910076 to 280
Phase 310215960 to 400
Phase 4855428 to 117
Not applicable9796030 to 104
Observational26211360 to 250

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Learning are measured within 13 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 4 weeks to 6 months. 665 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day203 outcomes, 90 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks230 outcomes, 91 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months460 outcomes, 193 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months362 outcomes, 139 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months260 outcomes, 85 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years117 outcomes, 34 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years106 outcomes, 33 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given94 outcomes, 46 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

1,738 of the 1,832 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting363 studies, 124 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting78 studies, 29 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting92 studies, 25 as a primary outcome
  • Completed884 studies, 382 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early149 studies, 50 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown266 studies, 101 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral475 studies, 189 as a primary outcome
  • Drug523 studies, 188 as a primary outcome
  • Device284 studies, 105 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement107 studies, 55 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure73 studies, 22 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test33 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Biological29 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Radiation94 studies, 36 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product15 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Genetic4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Other396 studies, 156 as a primary outcome
  • None given117 studies, 54 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States823 studies, 344 as a primary outcome
  • Canada172 studies, 41 as a primary outcome
  • China136 studies, 46 as a primary outcome
  • Spain91 studies, 33 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom87 studies, 32 as a primary outcome
  • Italy71 studies, 25 as a primary outcome
  • Germany68 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • France65 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands64 studies, 16 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark42 studies, 16 as a primary outcome
  • Sweden39 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Brazil36 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

79 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 92 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name Verbal Learning: 477 of 884, 54%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name Verbal Learning and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name Verbal LearningEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper128, 14%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only180, 20%1,139, 14%
A results paper only169, 19%1,711, 22%
Neither407, 46%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming Verbal Learning name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Trail Making Test714 studies, 235 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Verbal Fluency608 studies, 210 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Digit Span Test516 studies, 184 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Symbol Coding416 studies, 151 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Stroop Color-Word Test376 studies, 140 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Category Fluency219 studies, 91 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Picture Naming Test180 studies, 61 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Complex Figure Copy and Recall142 studies, 52 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Continuous Performance Test124 studies, 56 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Short Story Recall95 studies, 36 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for Verbal Learning and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Verbal Learning1,819 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Trail Making Test2,281 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Verbal Fluency1,737 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026
Digit Span Test1,619 studies, 2000 to 2026
01252502000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearVerbal LearningTrail Making TestVerbal FluencyDigit Span Test
20001213
20015012
20028331
200314844
2004141094
20051714197
2006131494
200722212214
200828171819
200928292922
201042322937
201133473626
201242443436
201353605844
201482665949
201591857979
2016981038569
20171071229382
20189211710785
2019122155121110
2020761229090
2021137172131122
2022138188123121
2023157228147164
2024144211130141
2025132210167147
2026123201133137

Explore the 1,832 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestVerbal Learning

1,832 studies match. 711 name Verbal Learning in a primary outcome. Median size 63 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 13 weeks.

Loading 1,832 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
0501001502002000: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20002001: 5 studies, 1 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2002: 8 studies, 7 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2003: 14 studies, 7 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2004: 14 studies, 9 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2005: 17 studies, 6 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20052006: 13 studies, 5 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2007: 22 studies, 8 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2008: 28 studies, 15 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2009: 28 studies, 9 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2010: 42 studies, 15 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20102011: 33 studies, 15 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2012: 42 studies, 23 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2013: 53 studies, 33 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2014: 82 studies, 26 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2015: 91 studies, 39 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20152016: 98 studies, 37 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2017: 107 studies, 39 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2018: 92 studies, 38 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2019: 122 studies, 53 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2020: 76 studies, 31 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20202021: 137 studies, 65 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2022: 138 studies, 41 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2023: 157 studies, 60 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2024: 144 studies, 46 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2025: 132 studies, 39 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20252026: 123 studies, 40 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 7 that started before 2000, 5 planned to start after 2026 and 1 with no start year.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200010
200151
200287
2003147
2004149
2005176
2006135
2007228
20082815
2009289
20104215
20113315
20124223
20135333
20148226
20159139
20169837
201710739
20189238
201912253
20207631
202113765
202213841
202315760
202414446
202513239
202612340

Library tests named most

  • Verbal Learning1,832 studies, 711 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test714 studies, 235 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Fluency608 studies, 210 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test516 studies, 184 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding416 studies, 151 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test376 studies, 140 as a primary outcome
  • Category Fluency219 studies, 91 as a primary outcome
  • Picture Naming Test180 studies, 61 as a primary outcome
  • Complex Figure Copy and Recall142 studies, 52 as a primary outcome
  • Continuous Performance Test124 studies, 56 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 148, NIH 10, other 1,674. Interventional 1,568, observational 264.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeVerbal Learning

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07908147Start2027PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsCancerParticipants12Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary5 years
  • Verbal LearningSecondary5 years
  • Verbal FluencySecondary5 years
  • Digit Span TestSecondary5 years
NCT07893925Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants38Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary8 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary8 weeks
NCT07891650Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCognitive impairment and declineParticipants160Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
NCT07886606Start2021PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsSubstance use and addiction, Pain and fatigueParticipants34Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimarysame day
NCT07885085Start2027PhaseObservationalConditionsMild cognitive impairment, Substance use and addiction, Delirium, surgery and intensive care, Pain and fatigueParticipants552Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningOther outcome6 months
NCT07883148Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairmentParticipants52Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary8 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary8 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary8 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary8 months
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary8 months
NCT07882251Start2021PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer'sParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary5 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary5 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary5 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary5 weeks
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallPrimary5 weeks
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestPrimary5 weeks
  • Line Angle MatchingPrimary5 weeks
NCT07880418Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosisParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary5 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary5 weeks
NCT07878130Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondarysame day
  • Delayed Recall ModuleSecondary13 weeks
NCT07872982Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDelirium, surgery and intensive careParticipants304Lead sponsorIndustryStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary1 week
  • Symbol CodingPrimary1 week
  • Ordered Number Search TaskPrimary1 week
NCT07867886Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants30Lead sponsorIndustryStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
NCT07848477Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorderParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary2 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary2 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary2 weeks
  • N-Back TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary2 weeks
  • Probabilistic Reversal LearningSecondary2 weeks
  • Mnemonic Similarity TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Affective Go/No-GoSecondary2 weeks
  • Grid Pattern Span TaskSecondary2 weeks
NCT07841938Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningOther outcome6 weeks
NCT07839650Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer'sParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary6 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary6 months
  • Category FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Task Switching TestPrimary6 months
  • Face-name Memory TaskPrimary6 months
NCT07836478Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCancerParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary5 years
  • Symbol CodingSecondary5 years
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary5 years
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestSecondary5 years
NCT07833644Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsCognitive impairment and declineParticipants36Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary8 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary8 weeks
  • Clock Drawing TaskPrimary8 weeks
NCT07829029Start2022PhasePhase 4ConditionsOther conditionsParticipants270Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Symbol CodingSecondary6 months
NCT07814300Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants42Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary4 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary4 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary4 weeks
NCT07799584Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairmentParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary6 months
  • Digit Span TestPrimary8 weeks
  • N-Back TaskPrimary8 weeks
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary8 weeks
  • Mnemonic Similarity TaskPrimary6 months
NCT07775833Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer'sParticipants600Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary2 years
NCT07772765Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants216Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestOther outcome4 months
  • Verbal LearningOther outcome4 months
  • N-Back TaskSecondary4 months
  • Picture Naming TestOther outcome4 months
  • Matrix ReasoningOther outcome4 months
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskSecondary4 months
  • Digits-in-Noise TaskPrimary4 months
  • Gap Detection TaskSecondary10 weeks
NCT07766213Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsMultiple sclerosis, Pain and fatigueParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondarysame day
  • Symbol CodingSecondarysame day
NCT07761182Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsOther conditionsParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary12 months
  • Category FluencySecondary12 months
  • Simple Reaction TimeSecondary12 months
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondary12 months
NCT07751510Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCognitive impairment and declineParticipants75Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary13 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary13 weeks
NCT07743645Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary12 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary12 months

Page 1 of 74

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use Verbal Learning?

1,832 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 711 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use Verbal Learning?

Most often in cancer (235), dementia and Alzheimer's disease (224) and mild cognitive impairment (183).

Do new trials use Verbal Learning more or less?

10.0% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 11.1% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 9% smaller.

Which tests do trials use with Verbal Learning?

The Trail Making Test (714 studies), Verbal Fluency (608 studies) and the Digit Span Test (516 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 trials that use Verbal Learning enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 63 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 40 to 114. 219 of them give a size.

When do trials measure Verbal Learning?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Learning are measured within 13 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 4 weeks to 6 months. 665 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use Verbal Learning have reported results?

477 of the 884 completed studies that name it, 54%, have reported results: 308 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 297 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 128 did both. The other 407 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Verbal Learning: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • Grocery Trip Game: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

The census counts Verbal Learning and Grocery Trip Game as one test family, so this page counts their studies together: 1,832 studies.

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