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    16,361Registered studies name a cognitive test in an outcome measure11,688 name a test you can run hereExplore the studies
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  1. Home
  2. /Data
  3. /Clinical trials
  4. /Conditions
  5. /Sleep and sleep disorders
  6. /Verbal Learning

Clinical trials data

Verbal Learning in sleep trials: 66 registered studies

Every registered sleep and sleep disorders study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Verbal Learning in an outcome measure: how often it is a primary outcome, the tests named with it, how large the studies are and when they measure it.

Registered sleep and sleep disorders studies name it in an outcome measure
66
Name it in a primary outcome, 27%
18 of 66
Of the condition's 749 studies name it, against 11% of all registered studies
9%
Other conditions
Median participants per study
62
By phase
Try Verbal LearningTry the Grocery Trip Game

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that sleep and sleep disorders studies naming Verbal Learning name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Trail Making Test24 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Verbal Fluency19 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Digit Span Test17 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Stroop Color-Word Test16 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Symbol Coding12 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Psychomotor Vigilance Task11 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Paced Visual Serial Addition Test6 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Attention Network Test4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Category Fluency4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    N-Back Task4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Studies by start year

Each study counted once. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 4 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 7 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 8 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 6 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 5 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200420
200520
200610
200710
200810
200900
201010
201121
201241
201310
201410
201531
201630
201730
201810
201941
202022
202143
202271
202382
202463
202552
202641

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Phase 12 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 26 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 45 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable41 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Observational12 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200
  • Not applicable54 median, 21 to 89
  • Observational100 median, 64 to 158
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per sleep and sleep disorders study that names Verbal Learning, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable415421 to 89
Observational1210064 to 158

When sleep trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Learning are measured within 12 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 2 weeks to 6 months. 17 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day9 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks12 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months14 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months14 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months10 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years1 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given6 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

60 of the 66 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting16 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Completed27 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early7 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown9 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral19 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Drug13 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Device18 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Biological1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Radiation1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Other10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • None given6 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States24 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Canada7 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Hong Kong5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Taiwan3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Brazil2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • China2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • France2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Germany2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Italy2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Switzerland2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Argentina1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

19 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 4 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed sleep and sleep disorders studies that name Verbal Learning: 14 of 27, 52%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed sleep and sleep disorders studies that name Verbal Learning and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted sleep and sleep disorders studies that name Verbal LearningEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper5, 19%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only5, 19%1,139, 14%
A results paper only4, 15%1,711, 22%
Neither13, 48%4,327, 54%

The 66 studies

Filter by phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
ConditionSleep and sleep disorders
TestVerbal Learning

66 studies match. 18 name Verbal Learning in a primary outcome. Median size 62 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 12 weeks.

Loading 66 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
024682000: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2004: 2 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2005: 2 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20052006: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2007: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2008: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2010: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20102011: 2 studies, 1 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2012: 4 studies, 1 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2013: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2014: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2015: 3 studies, 1 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20152016: 3 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2017: 3 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2018: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2019: 4 studies, 1 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2020: 2 studies, 2 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20202021: 4 studies, 3 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2022: 7 studies, 1 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2023: 8 studies, 2 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2024: 6 studies, 3 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2025: 5 studies, 2 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20252026: 4 studies, 1 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200420
200520
200610
200710
200810
200900
201010
201121
201241
201310
201410
201531
201630
201730
201810
201941
202022
202143
202271
202382
202463
202552
202641

Library tests named most

  • Verbal Learning66 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test24 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Fluency19 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test17 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test16 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding12 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Psychomotor Vigilance Task11 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Paced Visual Serial Addition Test6 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Attention Network Test4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Category Fluency4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

  • Sleep and sleep disorders66 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Aging, frailty and exercise8 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Mild cognitive impairment7 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Depression and bipolar disorder7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD7 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Dementia and Alzheimer's6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Parkinson's disease6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Pain and fatigue6 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Cancer5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Brain injury and concussion3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Obesity and diabetes3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Stroke1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 6, other 60. Interventional 54, observational 12.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeVerbal Learning

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07841938Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningOther outcome6 weeks
NCT07651085Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants65Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary
  • Category FluencyPrimary
  • Clock Drawing TaskPrimary
NCT07550140Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Sleep and sleep disorders, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 weeks
  • Delayed Recall ModuleSecondary12 weeks
NCT07364318Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimarysame day
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimarysame day
  • Verbal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Verbal FluencyPrimarysame day
  • Digit Span TestPrimarysame day
  • Category FluencyPrimarysame day
  • Task Switching TestPrimarysame day
NCT07355842Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsParkinson's disease, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary18 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary18 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary18 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary18 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary18 months
  • Category FluencySecondary18 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary18 months
  • Psychomotor Vigilance TaskOther outcome18 months
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary18 months
  • Finger Tapping TaskSecondary18 months
  • Sustained Attention to ResponseOther outcome18 months
  • Line Angle MatchingSecondary18 months
NCT07298876Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairment, Aging, frailty and exercise, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary10 weeks
NCT07203196Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Obesity and diabetes, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants16Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary13 weeks
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary13 weeks
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary13 weeks
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary13 weeks
NCT07027176Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary12 weeks
NCT06776705Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants14Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 weeks
  • Attention Network TestSecondary12 weeks
NCT06773416Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairment, Aging, frailty and exercise, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants206Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary7 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary7 months
  • Digit Span TestPrimary7 months
  • Symbol CodingPrimary7 months
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary7 months
NCT06710652Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants66Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary2 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary2 weeks
NCT06691763Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants21Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary4 months
NCT06553235Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancer, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants84Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary8 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary8 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary8 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary8 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary8 months
  • Symbol CodingSecondary8 months
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimary8 months
  • Psychomotor Vigilance TaskSecondary8 months
  • Paced Visual Serial Addition TestSecondary8 months
NCT06291870Start2023PhaseObservationalConditionsSleep and sleep disorders, COVID-19 and long COVID, Pain and fatigueParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary13 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary13 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary13 weeks
  • Psychomotor Vigilance TaskPrimary13 weeks
  • Paced Visual Serial Addition TestPrimary13 weeks
NCT06290063Start2024PhasePhase 2ConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Sleep and sleep disorders, Anxiety, PTSD and OCD, Pain and fatigueParticipants385Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary8 weeks
NCT06243172Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsObesity and diabetes, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondarysame day
  • Verbal LearningSecondarysame day
  • Verbal FluencySecondarysame day
  • Symbol CodingSecondarysame day
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskSecondarysame day
NCT06214871Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants20Lead sponsorIndustryStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary8 weeks
NCT06170073Start2023PhaseObservationalConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants238Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondarysame day
  • Verbal FluencySecondarysame day
  • Attention Network TestPrimarysame day
NCT06169254Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 weeks
  • Attention Network TestPrimary12 weeks
NCT06089161Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants330Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Dimensional Change Card SortSecondary6 months
  • Vocabulary TestSecondary6 months
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonSecondary6 months
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary6 months
NCT06032377Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Sleep and sleep disorders, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants275Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Symbol CodingSecondary6 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary6 months
  • Short Story RecallSecondary6 months
  • Paired Associate LearningSecondary6 months
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingSecondary6 months
  • Intra/Extra Dimensional Set ShiftPrimary6 months
  • Pattern Recognition MemorySecondary6 months
NCT05907707Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants11Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary2 days
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary2 days
  • Verbal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary2 days
NCT05573711Start2022PhaseObservationalConditionsSleep and sleep disordersParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondarysame day
  • Symbol CodingSecondarysame day
NCT05544201Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairment, Aging, frailty and exercise, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants99Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Attention Network TestSecondary6 months
NCT05402761Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussion, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants93Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months

Page 1 of 3

Questions, answered from the data

How many sleep trials use Verbal Learning?

66 registered sleep and sleep disorders studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 18 of them in a primary outcome: 9% of the condition's 749 studies with a cognitive outcome, against 11% of all of them. It is the 5th most named test in sleep trials.

Which tests do sleep trials use with Verbal Learning?

The Trail Making Test (24 studies), Verbal Fluency (19 studies) and the Digit Span Test (17 studies).

When do sleep trials measure Verbal Learning?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Learning are measured within 12 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 2 weeks to 6 months. 17 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed sleep trials that use Verbal Learning have reported results?

14 of the 27 completed studies that name it, 52%, have reported results: 10 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 9 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 5 did both. The other 13 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on Verbal Learning and sleep and sleep disorders

  • Every cognitive test in sleep trials: 749 studies
  • Verbal Learning in all clinical trials: 1,832 studies

Verbal Learning in other conditions

  • Cancer235
  • Dementia and Alzheimer's224
  • Mild cognitive impairment183
  • Depression and bipolar disorder178
  • Multiple sclerosis139
  • Aging, frailty and exercise128
  • Schizophrenia and psychosis112
  • Brain injury and concussion111
  • Cognitive impairment and decline79
  • Substance use and addiction77
  • Obesity and diabetes74
  • Pain and fatigue72
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD70
  • Cardiovascular disease64
  • Stroke63
  • Parkinson's disease61
  • Healthy volunteers56
  • Delirium, surgery and intensive care51

Other tests in sleep trials

  • Psychomotor Vigilance Task237
  • Stroop Color-Word Test89
  • Symbol Coding89
  • Trail Making Test85
  • Digit Span Test63
  • Verbal Fluency58
  • N-Back Task51

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

The census counts Verbal Learning and Grocery Trip Game as one test family, so this page counts their studies together.

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