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    16,361Registered studies name a cognitive test in an outcome measure11,688 name a test you can run hereExplore the studies
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  1. Home
  2. /Data
  3. /Clinical trials
  4. /Conditions
  5. /Cancer
  6. /Verbal Learning

Clinical trials data

Verbal Learning in cancer trials: 235 registered studies

Every registered cancer study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Verbal Learning in an outcome measure: how often it is a primary outcome, the tests named with it, how large the studies are and when they measure it.

Registered cancer studies name it in an outcome measure
235
Name it in a primary outcome, 33%
77 of 235
Of the condition's 760 studies name it, against 11% of all registered studies
31%
Other conditions
Median participants per study
80
By phase
Try Verbal LearningTry the Grocery Trip Game

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that cancer studies naming Verbal Learning name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Verbal Fluency136 studies, 40 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Trail Making Test121 studies, 36 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Digit Span Test66 studies, 18 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Symbol Coding32 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Stroop Color-Word Test25 studies, 12 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Continuous Performance Test13 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Category Fluency13 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Symbol Scan Task8 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Task Switching Test8 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Paced Visual Serial Addition Test7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Studies by start year

Each study counted once. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 4 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 5 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 6 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 5 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 6 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 9 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 12 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 18 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 16 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 12 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 13 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 13 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 26 studies, 9 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 14 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 15 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 12 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 12 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 22 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200010
200111
200210
200311
200410
200522
200621
200720
200842
200952
201020
201162
201252
201363
201493
2015125
2016184
2017166
2018123
2019136
2020135
2021269
2022145
2023154
2024123
2025120
2026228

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 12 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 16 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/29 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 244 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/31 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 335 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 45 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable87 studies, 27 as a primary outcome
  • Observational46 studies, 21 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200500
  • Phase 272 median, 47 to 120
  • Phase 3258 median, 120 to 424
  • Not applicable60 median, 30 to 111
  • Observational96 median, 50 to 134
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per cancer study that names Verbal Learning, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Phase 2437247 to 120
Phase 335258120 to 424
Not applicable846030 to 111
Observational469650 to 134

When cancer trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Learning are measured within 6 months of the start, and the middle half from 13 weeks to 12 months. 76 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day13 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks14 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months31 outcomes, 14 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months52 outcomes, 23 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months61 outcomes, 18 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years29 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years28 outcomes, 7 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given7 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

228 of the 235 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting58 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting11 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting27 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Completed86 studies, 28 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early21 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown32 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral45 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • Drug74 studies, 19 as a primary outcome
  • Device16 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure17 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test6 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Biological7 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Radiation84 studies, 31 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Other54 studies, 17 as a primary outcome
  • None given19 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States117 studies, 38 as a primary outcome
  • Canada41 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • China23 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Germany16 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • France15 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands15 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Spain12 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Australia9 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Italy9 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom7 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Belgium6 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

44 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 7 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed cancer studies that name Verbal Learning: 51 of 86, 59%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed cancer studies that name Verbal Learning and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted cancer studies that name Verbal LearningEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper17, 20%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only18, 21%1,139, 14%
A results paper only16, 19%1,711, 22%
Neither35, 41%4,327, 54%

The 235 studies

Filter by phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
ConditionCancer
TestVerbal Learning

235 studies match. 77 name Verbal Learning in a primary outcome. Median size 80 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 6 months.

Loading 235 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
01020302000: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20002001: 1 studies, 1 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2002: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2003: 1 studies, 1 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2004: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2005: 2 studies, 2 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20052006: 2 studies, 1 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2007: 2 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2008: 4 studies, 2 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2009: 5 studies, 2 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2010: 2 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20102011: 6 studies, 2 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2012: 5 studies, 2 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2013: 6 studies, 3 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2014: 9 studies, 3 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2015: 12 studies, 5 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20152016: 18 studies, 4 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2017: 16 studies, 6 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2018: 12 studies, 3 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2019: 13 studies, 6 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2020: 13 studies, 5 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20202021: 26 studies, 9 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2022: 14 studies, 5 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2023: 15 studies, 4 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2024: 12 studies, 3 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome2025: 12 studies, 0 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome20252026: 22 studies, 8 naming Verbal Learning in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 1 that started before 2000 and 1 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200010
200111
200210
200311
200410
200522
200621
200720
200842
200952
201020
201162
201252
201363
201493
2015125
2016184
2017166
2018123
2019136
2020135
2021269
2022145
2023154
2024123
2025120
2026228

Library tests named most

  • Verbal Learning235 studies, 77 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Fluency136 studies, 40 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test121 studies, 36 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test66 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding32 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test25 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Continuous Performance Test13 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Category Fluency13 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Scan Task8 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Task Switching Test8 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

  • Cancer235 studies, 77 as a primary outcome
  • Pain and fatigue12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Depression and bipolar disorder10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Sleep and sleep disorders5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Stroke4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Delirium, surgery and intensive care4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Brain injury and concussion3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Multiple sclerosis3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Aging, frailty and exercise3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Obesity and diabetes3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Cardiovascular disease2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 14, NIH 4, other 217. Interventional 189, observational 46.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeVerbal Learning

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07908147Start2027PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsCancerParticipants12Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary5 years
  • Verbal LearningSecondary5 years
  • Verbal FluencySecondary5 years
  • Digit Span TestSecondary5 years
NCT07867886Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants30Lead sponsorIndustryStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
NCT07836478Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCancerParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary5 years
  • Symbol CodingSecondary5 years
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary5 years
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestSecondary5 years
NCT07740317Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCancerParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
  • Digit Span TestPrimary12 months
NCT07729969Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants110Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary12 months
  • Category FluencySecondary12 months
  • Tower PlanningSecondary12 months
  • Symbol Scan TaskSecondary12 months
  • Delayed Match-to-SampleSecondary12 months
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningSecondary12 months
NCT07716800Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCancer, Delirium, surgery and intensive careParticipants205Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary12 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 months
NCT07652476Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCancerParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimarysame day
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimarysame day
  • Verbal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Verbal FluencyPrimarysame day
  • Digit Span TestPrimarysame day
  • Symbol CodingPrimarysame day
  • Picture Naming TestPrimarysame day
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallPrimarysame day
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestPrimarysame day
NCT07638852Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsCancerParticipants58Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary2 years
  • Verbal LearningSecondary2 years
  • Verbal FluencySecondary2 years
NCT07633626Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, CancerParticipants24Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary12 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Symbol CodingPrimary12 weeks
  • Symbol Scan TaskPrimary12 weeks
NCT07587957Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary4 weeks
  • Verbal LearningOther outcome4 weeks
  • N-Back TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Continuous Performance TestSecondary4 weeks
  • AX Continuous Performance TestSecondary4 weeks
NCT07470606Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsCancerParticipants108Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary11 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary11 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary11 months
NCT07463781Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCancerParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary2 years
  • Verbal LearningPrimary2 years
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary2 years
  • Symbol CodingPrimary2 years
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallPrimary2 years
NCT07452458Start2026PhasePhase 3ConditionsCancerParticipants398Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary9 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary9 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary9 months
NCT07383649Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsCancerParticipants28Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary2 years
  • Verbal LearningSecondary2 years
  • Verbal FluencySecondary2 years
NCT07357636Start2019PhaseObservationalConditionsCancerParticipants940Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 weeks
NCT07331077Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants10Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary6 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary6 months
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimary6 months
  • Choice Reaction TimePrimary6 months
  • AX Continuous Performance TestWording unclear
NCT07313709Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary4 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary4 weeks
NCT07259434Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancer, Cardiovascular diseaseParticipants152Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary16 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary16 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary16 weeks
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary16 weeks
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary16 weeks
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary16 weeks
NCT07248228Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsCancerParticipants90Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimarysame day
  • Verbal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Verbal FluencyPrimarysame day
NCT07224503Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants56Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Task Switching TestSecondary6 months
NCT07160751Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCancerParticipants90Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
NCT07147621Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCancerParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary12 months
NCT07132190Start2025PhasePhase 2ConditionsCancerParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
NCT07125209Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCancerParticipants18Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary10 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary10 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary10 months
NCT07083518Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Task Switching TestSecondary13 weeks

Page 1 of 10

Questions, answered from the data

How many cancer trials use Verbal Learning?

235 registered cancer studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 77 of them in a primary outcome: 31% of the condition's 760 studies with a cognitive outcome, against 11% of all of them. It is the test cancer trials name most.

Which tests do cancer trials use with Verbal Learning?

Verbal Fluency (136 studies), the Trail Making Test (121 studies) and the Digit Span Test (66 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 cancer trials that use Verbal Learning enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 72 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 47 to 120. 43 of them give a size.

When do cancer trials measure Verbal Learning?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Learning are measured within 6 months of the start, and the middle half from 13 weeks to 12 months. 76 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed cancer trials that use Verbal Learning have reported results?

51 of the 86 completed studies that name it, 59%, have reported results: 35 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 33 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 17 did both. The other 35 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on Verbal Learning and cancer

  • Every cognitive test in cancer trials: 760 studies
  • Verbal Learning in all clinical trials: 1,832 studies

Verbal Learning in other conditions

  • Dementia and Alzheimer's224
  • Mild cognitive impairment183
  • Depression and bipolar disorder178
  • Multiple sclerosis139
  • Aging, frailty and exercise128
  • Schizophrenia and psychosis112
  • Brain injury and concussion111
  • Cognitive impairment and decline79
  • Substance use and addiction77
  • Obesity and diabetes74
  • Pain and fatigue72
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD70
  • Sleep and sleep disorders66
  • Cardiovascular disease64
  • Stroke63
  • Parkinson's disease61
  • Healthy volunteers56
  • Delirium, surgery and intensive care51

Other tests in cancer trials

  • Verbal Fluency200
  • Trail Making Test187
  • Digit Span Test107
  • Stroop Color-Word Test65
  • Symbol Coding58

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

The census counts Verbal Learning and Grocery Trip Game as one test family, so this page counts their studies together.

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