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  1. Home
  2. /Data
  3. /Clinical trials
  4. /Conditions
  5. /Cancer
  6. /Verbal Fluency

Clinical trials data

Verbal Fluency in cancer trials: 200 registered studies

Every registered cancer study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Verbal Fluency in an outcome measure: how often it is a primary outcome, the tests named with it, how large the studies are and when they measure it.

Registered cancer studies name it in an outcome measure
200
Name it in a primary outcome, 32%
64 of 200
Of the condition's 760 studies name it, against 11% of all registered studies
26%
Other conditions
Median participants per study
84
By phase
Try Verbal Fluency

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that cancer studies naming Verbal Fluency name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Verbal Learning136 studies, 49 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Trail Making Test119 studies, 36 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Digit Span Test62 studies, 22 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Symbol Coding26 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Stroop Color-Word Test24 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Category Fluency20 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Paced Visual Serial Addition Test10 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Task Switching Test10 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Continuous Performance Test9 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Picture Naming Test9 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Studies by start year

Each study counted once. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 7 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 7 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 12 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 8 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 13 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 11 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 11 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 9 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 21 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 14 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 16 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 18 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 10 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 22 studies, 8 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200110
200200
200300
200421
200522
200621
200730
200820
200930
201011
201131
201211
201373
201472
2015126
201680
2017133
2018113
2019115
202094
2021216
2022147
2023164
2024183
2025103
2026228

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 13 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 12 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/26 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 233 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/31 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 322 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 43 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable87 studies, 30 as a primary outcome
  • Observational43 studies, 18 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200500
  • Phase 274 median, 43 to 111
  • Phase 3318 median, 179 to 501
  • Not applicable74 median, 42 to 134
  • Observational100 median, 48 to 203
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per cancer study that names Verbal Fluency, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Phase 2327443 to 111
Phase 322318179 to 501
Not applicable847442 to 134
Observational4310048 to 203

When cancer trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Fluency are measured within 4 months of the start, and the middle half from 12 weeks to 12 months. 62 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day15 outcomes, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks11 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months30 outcomes, 13 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months44 outcomes, 14 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months51 outcomes, 13 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years24 outcomes, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years21 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given4 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

196 of the 200 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting55 studies, 19 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting14 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting27 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Completed60 studies, 19 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early18 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown26 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral45 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Drug58 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Device18 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure17 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Biological6 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Radiation55 studies, 16 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other56 studies, 15 as a primary outcome
  • None given16 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States104 studies, 34 as a primary outcome
  • Canada28 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Spain15 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands13 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • France12 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Italy10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark8 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Germany8 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • China5 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Israel5 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Australia4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Austria4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

39 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 6 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed cancer studies that name Verbal Fluency: 38 of 60, 63%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed cancer studies that name Verbal Fluency and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted cancer studies that name Verbal FluencyEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper13, 22%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only14, 23%1,139, 14%
A results paper only11, 18%1,711, 22%
Neither22, 37%4,327, 54%

The 200 studies

Filter by phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
ConditionCancer
TestVerbal Fluency

200 studies match. 64 name Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome. Median size 84 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 4 months.

Loading 200 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
01020302000: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20002001: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2004: 2 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2005: 2 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20052006: 2 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2007: 3 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2008: 2 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2009: 3 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2010: 1 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20102011: 3 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2012: 1 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2013: 7 studies, 3 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2014: 7 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2015: 12 studies, 6 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20152016: 8 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2017: 13 studies, 3 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2018: 11 studies, 3 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2019: 11 studies, 5 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2020: 9 studies, 4 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20202021: 21 studies, 6 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2022: 14 studies, 7 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2023: 16 studies, 4 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2024: 18 studies, 3 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2025: 10 studies, 3 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20252026: 22 studies, 8 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 1 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200110
200200
200300
200421
200522
200621
200730
200820
200930
201011
201131
201211
201373
201472
2015126
201680
2017133
2018113
2019115
202094
2021216
2022147
2023164
2024183
2025103
2026228

Library tests named most

  • Verbal Fluency200 studies, 64 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning136 studies, 49 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test119 studies, 36 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test62 studies, 22 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding26 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test24 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Category Fluency20 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Paced Visual Serial Addition Test10 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Task Switching Test10 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Continuous Performance Test9 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

  • Cancer200 studies, 64 as a primary outcome
  • Pain and fatigue13 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Depression and bipolar disorder12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Aging, frailty and exercise6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Sleep and sleep disorders6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Dementia and Alzheimer's4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Stroke4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Multiple sclerosis4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Mild cognitive impairment3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Brain injury and concussion3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Delirium, surgery and intensive care3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 9, NIH 1, other 190. Interventional 157, observational 43.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeVerbal Fluency

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07908147Start2027PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsCancerParticipants12Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary5 years
  • Verbal LearningSecondary5 years
  • Verbal FluencySecondary5 years
  • Digit Span TestSecondary5 years
NCT07867886Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants30Lead sponsorIndustryStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
NCT07755839Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, Cancer, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Cancellation TestSecondary6 months
NCT07740317Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCancerParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
  • Digit Span TestPrimary12 months
NCT07729969Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants110Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary12 months
  • Category FluencySecondary12 months
  • Tower PlanningSecondary12 months
  • Symbol Scan TaskSecondary12 months
  • Delayed Match-to-SampleSecondary12 months
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningSecondary12 months
NCT07716800Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCancer, Delirium, surgery and intensive careParticipants205Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary12 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 months
NCT07652476Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCancerParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimarysame day
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimarysame day
  • Verbal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Verbal FluencyPrimarysame day
  • Digit Span TestPrimarysame day
  • Symbol CodingPrimarysame day
  • Picture Naming TestPrimarysame day
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallPrimarysame day
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestPrimarysame day
NCT07638852Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsCancerParticipants58Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary2 years
  • Verbal LearningSecondary2 years
  • Verbal FluencySecondary2 years
NCT07633626Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsDepression and bipolar disorder, CancerParticipants24Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary12 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Symbol CodingPrimary12 weeks
  • Symbol Scan TaskPrimary12 weeks
NCT07606313Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants150Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary16 weeks
NCT07479927Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimarysame day
  • Verbal FluencyPrimarysame day
  • Symbol CodingPrimarysame day
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimarysame day
  • Category FluencyPrimarysame day
NCT07470606Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsCancerParticipants108Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary11 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary11 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary11 months
NCT07463781Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCancerParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary2 years
  • Verbal LearningPrimary2 years
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary2 years
  • Symbol CodingPrimary2 years
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallPrimary2 years
NCT07452458Start2026PhasePhase 3ConditionsCancerParticipants398Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary9 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary9 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary9 months
NCT07383649Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsCancerParticipants28Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary2 years
  • Verbal LearningSecondary2 years
  • Verbal FluencySecondary2 years
NCT07313709Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary4 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary4 weeks
NCT07292272Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants180Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestOther outcome6 months
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome6 months
NCT07259434Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancer, Cardiovascular diseaseParticipants152Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary16 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary16 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary16 weeks
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary16 weeks
  • Size Order Memory TestSecondary16 weeks
  • Picture Order Memory TestSecondary16 weeks
NCT07248228Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsCancerParticipants90Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimarysame day
  • Verbal LearningPrimarysame day
  • Verbal FluencyPrimarysame day
NCT07224503Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants56Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Task Switching TestSecondary6 months
NCT07165912Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancerParticipants75Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruiting

Paper

Library tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary4 months
NCT07160751Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCancerParticipants90Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
NCT07147621Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCancerParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary12 months
NCT07125209Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCancerParticipants18Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary10 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary10 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary10 months
NCT07046936Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsCancerParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary4 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary4 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary4 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary4 weeks

Page 1 of 8

Questions, answered from the data

How many cancer trials use Verbal Fluency?

200 registered cancer studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 64 of them in a primary outcome: 26% of the condition's 760 studies with a cognitive outcome, against 11% of all of them. It is the 2nd most named test in cancer trials.

Which tests do cancer trials use with Verbal Fluency?

Verbal Learning (136 studies), the Trail Making Test (119 studies) and the Digit Span Test (62 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 cancer trials that use Verbal Fluency enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 74 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 43 to 111. 32 of them give a size.

When do cancer trials measure Verbal Fluency?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Fluency are measured within 4 months of the start, and the middle half from 12 weeks to 12 months. 62 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed cancer trials that use Verbal Fluency have reported results?

38 of the 60 completed studies that name it, 63%, have reported results: 27 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 24 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 13 did both. The other 22 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on Verbal Fluency and cancer

  • Every cognitive test in cancer trials: 760 studies
  • Verbal Fluency in all clinical trials: 1,745 studies

Verbal Fluency in other conditions

  • Dementia and Alzheimer's248
  • Mild cognitive impairment177
  • Depression and bipolar disorder154
  • Parkinson's disease140
  • Aging, frailty and exercise136
  • Stroke110
  • Schizophrenia and psychosis107
  • Brain injury and concussion86
  • Cognitive impairment and decline63
  • Obesity and diabetes63
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD61
  • Cardiovascular disease61
  • Multiple sclerosis58
  • Sleep and sleep disorders58
  • Pain and fatigue53

Other tests in cancer trials

  • Verbal Learning235
  • Trail Making Test187
  • Digit Span Test107
  • Stroop Color-Word Test65
  • Symbol Coding58

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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