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    16,361Registered studies name a cognitive test in an outcome measure11,688 name a test you can run hereExplore the studies
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  1. Home
  2. /Data
  3. /Clinical trials
  4. /Conditions
  5. /Stroke
  6. /Verbal Fluency

Clinical trials data

Verbal Fluency in stroke trials: 110 registered studies

Every registered stroke study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Verbal Fluency in an outcome measure: how often it is a primary outcome, the tests named with it, how large the studies are and when they measure it.

Registered stroke studies name it in an outcome measure
110
Name it in a primary outcome, 39%
43 of 110
Of the condition's 1,233 studies name it, against 11% of all registered studies
9%
Other conditions
Median participants per study
51
By phase
Try Verbal Fluency

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that stroke studies naming Verbal Fluency name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Trail Making Test36 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Digit Span Test31 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Verbal Learning30 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Picture Naming Test26 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Stroop Color-Word Test25 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Category Fluency24 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Symbol Coding18 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Cancellation Test9 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Complex Figure Copy and Recall7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Token Commands Task7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Studies by start year

Each study counted once. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 4 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 5 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 12 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 12 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 4 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 12 studies, 7 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 9 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 22 studies, 9 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 6 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200410
200500
200600
200700
200811
200931
201021
201111
201242
201321
201441
201551
201621
201741
2018124
201910
2020125
202120
202240
2023127
202494
2025229
202662

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Phase 11 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/21 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 26 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/34 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 32 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 43 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable75 studies, 34 as a primary outcome
  • Observational18 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200500
  • Not applicable46 median, 25 to 80
  • Observational175 median, 70 to 412
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per stroke study that names Verbal Fluency, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable744625 to 80
Observational1817570 to 412

When stroke trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Fluency are measured within 12 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 4 weeks to 6 months. 41 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day12 outcomes, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks22 outcomes, 9 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months27 outcomes, 12 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months17 outcomes, 7 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months13 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years7 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years5 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given7 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

103 of the 110 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting26 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting11 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting6 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Completed43 studies, 20 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown19 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral32 studies, 15 as a primary outcome
  • Drug12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Device28 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure8 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Biological3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Radiation1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other38 studies, 21 as a primary outcome
  • None given4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States27 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Canada8 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • China7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • France7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Italy6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Pakistan6 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Brazil5 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Switzerland5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Taiwan4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Germany3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Singapore3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

25 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 11 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed stroke studies that name Verbal Fluency: 22 of 43, 51%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed stroke studies that name Verbal Fluency and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted stroke studies that name Verbal FluencyEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper1, 2%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only11, 26%1,139, 14%
A results paper only10, 23%1,711, 22%
Neither21, 49%4,327, 54%

The 110 studies

Filter by phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
ConditionStroke
TestVerbal Fluency

110 studies match. 43 name Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome. Median size 51 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 12 weeks.

Loading 110 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
01020302000: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2004: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2008: 1 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2009: 3 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2010: 2 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20102011: 1 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2012: 4 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2013: 2 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2014: 4 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2015: 5 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20152016: 2 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2017: 4 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2018: 12 studies, 4 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2019: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2020: 12 studies, 5 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20202021: 2 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2022: 4 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2023: 12 studies, 7 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2024: 9 studies, 4 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2025: 22 studies, 9 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20252026: 6 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 1 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200410
200500
200600
200700
200811
200931
201021
201111
201242
201321
201441
201551
201621
201741
2018124
201910
2020125
202120
202240
2023127
202494
2025229
202662

Library tests named most

  • Verbal Fluency110 studies, 43 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test36 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test31 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning30 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Picture Naming Test26 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test25 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Category Fluency24 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding18 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Cancellation Test9 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Complex Figure Copy and Recall7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

  • Stroke110 studies, 43 as a primary outcome
  • Brain injury and concussion10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Cardiovascular disease10 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Parkinson's disease5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Cancer4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Sleep and sleep disorders4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Dementia and Alzheimer's3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Multiple sclerosis3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Aging, frailty and exercise3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Depression and bipolar disorder2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Delirium, surgery and intensive care2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 8, other 102. Interventional 92, observational 18.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeVerbal Fluency

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07792811Start2026PhasePhase 2/3ConditionsStrokeParticipants84Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary14 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary14 weeks
  • Line Bisection TestSecondary14 weeks
  • Design Fluency TestSecondary14 weeks
  • Token Commands TaskSecondary14 weeks
NCT07759375Start2027PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants48Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary7 months
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary7 months
NCT07624630Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsStroke, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondarysame day
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimarysame day
  • Verbal LearningSecondarysame day
  • Verbal FluencySecondarysame day
NCT07588997Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants18Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary13 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary13 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary13 weeks
NCT07573501Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants24Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary5 days
  • N-Back TaskPrimary5 days
NCT07573475Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants24Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary1 week
  • N-Back TaskPrimary1 week
NCT07456475Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsStroke, Brain injury and concussion, Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosisParticipants25Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 weeks
NCT07427511Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestOther outcome15 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestOther outcome15 months
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome15 months
  • Digit Span TestOther outcome15 months
  • Go/No-Go TaskOther outcome15 months
  • Category FluencyOther outcome15 months
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestOther outcome15 months
  • Design Fluency TestOther outcome15 months
NCT07346378Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary4 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary4 weeks
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary4 weeks
NCT07329751Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary4 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary4 weeks
NCT07281313Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary1 week
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary1 week
  • Verbal FluencySecondary1 week
  • Digit Span TestSecondary1 week
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary1 week
  • Simple Reaction TimeSecondary1 week
  • Design Fluency TestSecondary1 week
NCT07274748Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants52Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 weeks
NCT07253870Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants54Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary8 weeks
NCT07252544Start2025PhasePhase 3ConditionsStrokeParticipants3,156Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestOther outcome12 months
  • Verbal LearningOther outcome12 months
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome12 months
NCT07220538Start2025PhasePhase 4ConditionsStrokeParticipants400Lead sponsorIndustryStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 months
  • Symbol CodingPrimary12 months
NCT07128823Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome
NCT07119827Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsStroke, Brain injury and concussionParticipants250Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary13 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary18 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Category FluencySecondary18 months
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary13 weeks
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Design Fluency TestSecondary13 weeks
NCT07116187Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary6 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Symbol CodingPrimary6 months
  • N-Back TaskPrimary6 months
NCT07030985Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants55Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
  • Symbol CodingSecondary12 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary12 months
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary12 months
NCT07019493Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsStrokeParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Task Switching TestSecondary6 months
NCT06950060Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsStroke, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants48Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary5 days
  • Motor Sequence TaskPrimary5 days
  • Serial Reaction TimePrimary5 days
NCT06927505Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants58Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome4 weeks
NCT06927284Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants46Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 weeks
NCT06922409Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsStroke, Depression and bipolar disorder, Sleep and sleep disorders, Pain and fatigueParticipants45Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary1 week
  • Verbal FluencySecondary1 week
  • Category FluencySecondary1 week
NCT06852209Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsStrokeParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary6 weeks
  • Cancellation TestSecondary6 weeks

Page 1 of 5

Questions, answered from the data

How many stroke trials use Verbal Fluency?

110 registered stroke studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 43 of them in a primary outcome: 9% of the condition's 1,233 studies with a cognitive outcome, against 11% of all of them. It is the 2nd most named test in stroke trials.

Which tests do stroke trials use with Verbal Fluency?

The Trail Making Test (36 studies), the Digit Span Test (31 studies) and Verbal Learning (30 studies).

When do stroke trials measure Verbal Fluency?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Fluency are measured within 12 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 4 weeks to 6 months. 41 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed stroke trials that use Verbal Fluency have reported results?

22 of the 43 completed studies that name it, 51%, have reported results: 12 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 11 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 1 did both. The other 21 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on Verbal Fluency and stroke

  • Every cognitive test in stroke trials: 1,233 studies
  • Verbal Fluency in all clinical trials: 1,745 studies

Verbal Fluency in other conditions

  • Dementia and Alzheimer's248
  • Cancer200
  • Mild cognitive impairment177
  • Depression and bipolar disorder154
  • Parkinson's disease140
  • Aging, frailty and exercise136
  • Schizophrenia and psychosis107
  • Brain injury and concussion86
  • Cognitive impairment and decline63
  • Obesity and diabetes63
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD61
  • Cardiovascular disease61
  • Multiple sclerosis58
  • Sleep and sleep disorders58
  • Pain and fatigue53

Other tests in stroke trials

  • Trail Making Test156
  • Stroop Color-Word Test105
  • Digit Span Test100
  • Picture Naming Test99
  • Cancellation Test75
  • Verbal Learning63
  • Symbol Coding61

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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