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  1. Home
  2. /Data
  3. /Clinical trials
  4. /Conditions
  5. /Schizophrenia and psychosis
  6. /Verbal Fluency

Clinical trials data

Verbal Fluency in schizophrenia and psychosis trials: 107 registered studies

Every registered schizophrenia and psychosis study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Verbal Fluency in an outcome measure: how often it is a primary outcome, the tests named with it, how large the studies are and when they measure it.

Registered schizophrenia and psychosis studies name it in an outcome measure
107
Name it in a primary outcome, 32%
34 of 107
Of the condition's 640 studies name it, against 11% of all registered studies
17%
Other conditions
Median participants per study
62
By phase
Try Verbal Fluency

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that schizophrenia and psychosis studies naming Verbal Fluency name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Trail Making Test30 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Verbal Learning24 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Tower Planning21 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Digit Span Test19 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Card Sorting Test (Berg)14 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Stroop Color-Word Test12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Continuous Performance Test11 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Symbol Coding10 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Letter-Number Sequencing Task9 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Category Fluency8 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Studies by start year

Each study counted once. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 6 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 3 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 3 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 4 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 5 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 5 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 6 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 5 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 7 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 7 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 6 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 6 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 6 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 7 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 5 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 11 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200010
200100
200222
200300
200420
200521
200600
200764
200811
200932
201033
201130
201221
201340
201453
201552
201662
201753
201870
201973
202020
202160
202261
202361
202471
202551
2026113

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Phase 13 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/21 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 219 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 2/32 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 33 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 412 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable61 studies, 16 as a primary outcome
  • Observational6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200
  • Phase 274 median, 45 to 177
  • Phase 455 median, 40 to 77
  • Not applicable62 median, 33 to 129
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per schizophrenia and psychosis study that names Verbal Fluency, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Phase 2197445 to 177
Phase 4125540 to 77
Not applicable616233 to 129

When schizophrenia and psychosis trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Fluency are measured within 9 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 4 weeks to 12 weeks. 33 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day9 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks19 outcomes, 6 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months42 outcomes, 18 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months16 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months8 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years8 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years1 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given4 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

103 of the 107 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting15 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting7 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Completed61 studies, 25 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown17 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral26 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Drug44 studies, 19 as a primary outcome
  • Device28 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement6 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other18 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • None given3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States38 studies, 17 as a primary outcome
  • Canada11 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Spain9 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • China7 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • France6 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Poland6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Germany5 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Taiwan5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Ukraine4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Bulgaria3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

34 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 7 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed schizophrenia and psychosis studies that name Verbal Fluency: 43 of 61, 70%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed schizophrenia and psychosis studies that name Verbal Fluency and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted schizophrenia and psychosis studies that name Verbal FluencyEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper9, 15%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only23, 38%1,139, 14%
A results paper only11, 18%1,711, 22%
Neither18, 30%4,327, 54%

The 107 studies

Filter by phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
ConditionSchizophrenia and psychosis
TestVerbal Fluency

107 studies match. 34 name Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome. Median size 62 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 9 weeks.

Loading 107 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
0510152000: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2002: 2 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2004: 2 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2005: 2 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2007: 6 studies, 4 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2008: 1 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2009: 3 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2010: 3 studies, 3 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20102011: 3 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2012: 2 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2013: 4 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2014: 5 studies, 3 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2015: 5 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20152016: 6 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2017: 5 studies, 3 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2018: 7 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2019: 7 studies, 3 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2020: 2 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20202021: 6 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2022: 6 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2023: 6 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2024: 7 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2025: 5 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20252026: 11 studies, 3 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200010
200100
200222
200300
200420
200521
200600
200764
200811
200932
201033
201130
201221
201340
201453
201552
201662
201753
201870
201973
202020
202160
202261
202361
202471
202551
2026113

Library tests named most

  • Verbal Fluency107 studies, 34 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test30 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning24 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Tower Planning21 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test19 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)14 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Continuous Performance Test11 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding10 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Letter-Number Sequencing Task9 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

Conditions

  • Schizophrenia and psychosis107 studies, 34 as a primary outcome
  • Depression and bipolar disorder9 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Substance use and addiction5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Healthy volunteers4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Parkinson's disease2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Aging, frailty and exercise2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Obesity and diabetes2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Dementia and Alzheimer's1 study, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Autism1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Sleep and sleep disorders1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 18, other 89. Interventional 101, observational 6.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeVerbal Fluency

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07856381Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Healthy volunteersParticipants180Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary2 years
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionPrimary2 years
NCT07853079Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants88Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary8 weeks
  • Monetary Incentive DelaySecondary8 weeks
NCT07748078Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Substance use and addictionParticipants140Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 weeks
NCT07747181Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants135Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary13 weeks
  • Short Story RecallSecondary13 weeks
  • Cancellation TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Delayed Recall ModuleSecondary13 weeks
NCT07745140Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants66Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingSecondary6 weeks
NCT07680959Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary3 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary3 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary3 weeks
  • Tower PlanningSecondary3 weeks
NCT07658898Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants74Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary4 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary4 weeks
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Tower PlanningSecondary4 weeks
NCT07616999Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants178Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary
  • Grid Pattern Span TaskSecondary
NCT07506070Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Depression and bipolar disorder, Autism, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants160Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary13 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary13 weeks
NCT07446569Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants294Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondarysame day
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionPrimary4 weeks
NCT07428460Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants75Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary13 weeks
  • Light and Tone TaskSecondary13 weeks
NCT07427485Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary12 weeks
  • Category FluencySecondary12 weeks
  • Choice Reaction TimeSecondary12 weeks
  • Simple Reaction TimeSecondary12 weeks
NCT07404085Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Depression and bipolar disorderParticipants160Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary8 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary8 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary8 weeks
  • Tower PlanningPrimary8 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingPrimary8 weeks
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionPrimary8 weeks
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary8 weeks
  • Spatial Working MemoryPrimary8 weeks
  • One-Touch Tower PlanningPrimary8 weeks
NCT07371325Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Obesity and diabetesParticipants36Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 weeks
NCT07245212Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Substance use and addictionParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary16 weeks
NCT07184619Start2026PhasePhase 3ConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants400Lead sponsorIndustryStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestOther outcome12 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome12 weeks
  • Symbol CodingOther outcome12 weeks
  • Cancellation TestOther outcome12 weeks
NCT07173465Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants45Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 weeks
NCT07119268Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants115Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary2 weeks
NCT06542640Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Healthy volunteersParticipants300Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary2 years
  • Verbal LearningSecondary2 years
  • Verbal FluencySecondary2 years
  • Continuous Performance TestSecondary2 years
  • Category FluencySecondary2 years
NCT06529029Start2024PhasePhase 2/3ConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Depression and bipolar disorderParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningOther outcome4 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome4 weeks
NCT06464848Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants48Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondarysame day
  • Verbal FluencySecondarysame day
NCT06423651Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants160Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknown

Paper

Library tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Continuous Performance TestSecondary6 months
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary6 months
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary6 months
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondary6 months
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskSecondary6 months
  • Indirect Hints TaskSecondary6 months
NCT06251193Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosisParticipants49Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary5 months
NCT06226779Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants63Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary4 weeks
  • Tower PlanningPrimary4 weeks
NCT06038955Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsSchizophrenia and psychosis, Depression and bipolar disorderParticipants62Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Paper

Library tests named
  • Trail Making TestOther outcome13 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary13 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestOther outcome13 weeks
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Other outcome13 weeks
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingOther outcome13 weeks
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskOther outcome13 weeks
  • Spatial Working MemoryOther outcome13 weeks

Page 1 of 5

Questions, answered from the data

How many schizophrenia and psychosis trials use Verbal Fluency?

107 registered schizophrenia and psychosis studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 34 of them in a primary outcome: 17% of the condition's 640 studies with a cognitive outcome, against 11% of all of them. It is the 2nd most named test in schizophrenia and psychosis trials.

Which tests do schizophrenia and psychosis trials use with Verbal Fluency?

The Trail Making Test (30 studies), Verbal Learning (24 studies) and Tower Planning (21 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 schizophrenia and psychosis trials that use Verbal Fluency enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 74 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 45 to 177. 19 of them give a size.

When do schizophrenia and psychosis trials measure Verbal Fluency?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Fluency are measured within 9 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 4 weeks to 12 weeks. 33 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed schizophrenia and psychosis trials that use Verbal Fluency have reported results?

43 of the 61 completed studies that name it, 70%, have reported results: 32 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 20 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 9 did both. The other 18 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on Verbal Fluency and schizophrenia and psychosis

  • Every cognitive test in schizophrenia and psychosis trials: 640 studies
  • Verbal Fluency in all clinical trials: 1,745 studies

Verbal Fluency in other conditions

  • Dementia and Alzheimer's248
  • Cancer200
  • Mild cognitive impairment177
  • Depression and bipolar disorder154
  • Parkinson's disease140
  • Aging, frailty and exercise136
  • Stroke110
  • Brain injury and concussion86
  • Cognitive impairment and decline63
  • Obesity and diabetes63
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD61
  • Cardiovascular disease61
  • Multiple sclerosis58
  • Sleep and sleep disorders58
  • Pain and fatigue53

Other tests in schizophrenia and psychosis trials

  • Verbal Learning112
  • Trail Making Test102
  • Continuous Performance Test78
  • Digit Span Test66
  • N-Back Task66
  • Emoji Emotion Recognition52
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)50

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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