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    1. Verbal Fluency TestGradeA
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    16,361Registered studies name a cognitive test in an outcome measure11,688 name a test you can run hereExplore the studies
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  1. Home
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  5. /Aging, frailty and exercise
  6. /Verbal Fluency

Clinical trials data

Verbal Fluency in aging, frailty and exercise trials: 136 registered studies

Every registered aging, frailty and exercise study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Verbal Fluency in an outcome measure: how often it is a primary outcome, the tests named with it, how large the studies are and when they measure it.

Registered aging, frailty and exercise studies name it in an outcome measure
136
Name it in a primary outcome, 40%
55 of 136
Of the condition's 1,398 studies name it, against 11% of all registered studies
10%
Other conditions
Median participants per study
80
By phase
Try Verbal Fluency

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that aging, frailty and exercise studies naming Verbal Fluency name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Trail Making Test60 studies, 23 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Stroop Color-Word Test37 studies, 17 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Digit Span Test34 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Verbal Learning34 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Symbol Coding21 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Category Fluency19 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Picture Naming Test12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Short Story Recall11 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Clock Drawing Task6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Selective Reminding Task5 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Studies by start year

Each study counted once. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 2 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 4 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 4 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 4 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 7 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 8 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 13 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 7 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 6 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 13 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 14 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 15 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 19 studies, 10 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 12 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200110
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200900
201022
201121
201210
201344
201440
201541
201642
201773
201884
2019133
202072
202164
2022133
2023146
2024156
20251910
2026124

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 12 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 12 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 22 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 32 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 41 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable102 studies, 41 as a primary outcome
  • Observational25 studies, 12 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

1020501002005001,000
  • Not applicable79 median, 44 to 125
  • Observational186 median, 50 to 701
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per aging, frailty and exercise study that names Verbal Fluency, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable1017944 to 125
Observational2418650 to 701

When aging, frailty and exercise trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Fluency are measured within 13 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 6 weeks to 6 months. 52 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day19 outcomes, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks14 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months43 outcomes, 21 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months29 outcomes, 9 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months16 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years4 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years6 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given5 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

131 of the 136 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting25 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting7 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Completed61 studies, 25 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early9 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown22 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral56 studies, 25 as a primary outcome
  • Drug7 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Device12 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement9 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other45 studies, 20 as a primary outcome
  • None given12 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States32 studies, 16 as a primary outcome
  • Spain13 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Hong Kong9 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Brazil8 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Sweden7 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands6 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Switzerland6 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Taiwan6 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Canada5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Germany5 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Italy5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Portugal5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

26 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 8 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed aging, frailty and exercise studies that name Verbal Fluency: 30 of 61, 49%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed aging, frailty and exercise studies that name Verbal Fluency and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted aging, frailty and exercise studies that name Verbal FluencyEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper3, 5%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only11, 18%1,139, 14%
A results paper only16, 26%1,711, 22%
Neither31, 51%4,327, 54%

The 136 studies

Filter by phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
ConditionAging, frailty and exercise
TestVerbal Fluency

136 studies match. 55 name Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome. Median size 80 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 13 weeks.

Loading 136 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
051015202000: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20002001: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2010: 2 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20102011: 2 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2012: 1 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2013: 4 studies, 4 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2014: 4 studies, 0 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2015: 4 studies, 1 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20152016: 4 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2017: 7 studies, 3 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2018: 8 studies, 4 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2019: 13 studies, 3 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2020: 7 studies, 2 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20202021: 6 studies, 4 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2022: 13 studies, 3 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2023: 14 studies, 6 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2024: 15 studies, 6 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome2025: 19 studies, 10 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome20252026: 12 studies, 4 naming Verbal Fluency in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200110
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200900
201022
201121
201210
201344
201440
201541
201642
201773
201884
2019133
202072
202164
2022133
2023146
2024156
20251910
2026124

Library tests named most

  • Verbal Fluency136 studies, 55 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test60 studies, 23 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test37 studies, 17 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test34 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning34 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding21 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Category Fluency19 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Picture Naming Test12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Short Story Recall11 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Clock Drawing Task6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

  • Aging, frailty and exercise136 studies, 55 as a primary outcome
  • Dementia and Alzheimer's20 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Mild cognitive impairment16 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Healthy volunteers11 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Parkinson's disease8 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Sleep and sleep disorders7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Cancer6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Obesity and diabetes4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Stroke3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Depression and bipolar disorder3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Delirium, surgery and intensive care3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Pain and fatigue3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 2, other 134. Interventional 111, observational 25.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeVerbal Fluency

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07902206Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Huntington's diseaseParticipants88Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Symbol CodingSecondary6 months
NCT07855874Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants300Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Category FluencyPrimary6 months
NCT07841145Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants68Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary13 weeks
NCT07775781Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants300Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Clock Drawing TaskPrimary6 months
NCT07738393Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants276Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome12 months
NCT07733726Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairment, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants66Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary7 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary7 months
NCT07728786Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary
NCT07701317Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants108Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary6 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary6 weeks
  • Symbol CodingPrimary6 weeks
NCT07642726Start2018PhaseObservationalConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants276Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
  • Delayed Recall ModuleSecondary12 months
NCT07628686Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary12 months
  • Short Story RecallSecondary12 months
  • Cancellation TestSecondary12 months
NCT07624630Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsStroke, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondarysame day
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimarysame day
  • Verbal LearningSecondarysame day
  • Verbal FluencySecondarysame day
NCT07569120Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsParkinson's disease, Healthy volunteers, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants165Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary2 days
  • Verbal FluencySecondary2 days
  • Digit Span TestSecondary2 days
  • Category FluencySecondary2 days
  • Tower PlanningSecondary2 days
NCT07561879Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary16 weeks
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary16 weeks
NCT07272863Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Aging, frailty and exercise, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants214Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 months
NCT07183033Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants15Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary4 weeks
NCT07171450Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants75Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary7 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary7 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary7 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary7 weeks
  • Continuous Performance TestSecondary7 weeks
NCT07170943Start2021PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipantsNot givenLead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary12 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary12 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary12 weeks
NCT07156708Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants98Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Digit Span TestPrimary6 months
NCT07113860Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants342Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Category FluencySecondary6 months
NCT07105800Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairment, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary10 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary10 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary10 weeks
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary10 weeks
  • Clock Drawing TaskPrimary10 weeks
NCT07039708Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairment, Healthy volunteers, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary9 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary9 weeks
NCT07025070Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimarysame day
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimarysame day
  • Verbal FluencyPrimarysame day
  • Digit Span TestPrimarysame day
NCT06956794Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary8 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary8 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary8 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary8 weeks
  • Symbol CodingPrimary8 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary8 weeks
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary8 weeks
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Primary8 weeks
  • Selective Reminding TaskPrimary8 weeks
NCT06950060Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsStroke, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants48Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary5 days
  • Motor Sequence TaskPrimary5 days
  • Serial Reaction TimePrimary5 days
NCT06906276Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsParkinson's disease, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondarysame day
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimarysame day
  • Verbal LearningSecondarysame day
  • Verbal FluencySecondarysame day
  • Symbol CodingSecondarysame day

Page 1 of 6

Questions, answered from the data

How many aging, frailty and exercise trials use Verbal Fluency?

136 registered aging, frailty and exercise studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 55 of them in a primary outcome: 10% of the condition's 1,398 studies with a cognitive outcome, against 11% of all of them. It is the 3rd most named test in aging, frailty and exercise trials.

Which tests do aging, frailty and exercise trials use with Verbal Fluency?

The Trail Making Test (60 studies), the Stroop Color-Word Test (37 studies) and the Digit Span Test (34 studies).

When do aging, frailty and exercise trials measure Verbal Fluency?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Verbal Fluency are measured within 13 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 6 weeks to 6 months. 52 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed aging, frailty and exercise trials that use Verbal Fluency have reported results?

30 of the 61 completed studies that name it, 49%, have reported results: 14 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 19 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 3 did both. The other 31 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on Verbal Fluency and aging, frailty and exercise

  • Every cognitive test in aging, frailty and exercise trials: 1,398 studies
  • Verbal Fluency in all clinical trials: 1,745 studies

Verbal Fluency in other conditions

  • Dementia and Alzheimer's248
  • Cancer200
  • Mild cognitive impairment177
  • Depression and bipolar disorder154
  • Parkinson's disease140
  • Stroke110
  • Schizophrenia and psychosis107
  • Brain injury and concussion86
  • Cognitive impairment and decline63
  • Obesity and diabetes63
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD61
  • Cardiovascular disease61
  • Multiple sclerosis58
  • Sleep and sleep disorders58
  • Pain and fatigue53

Other tests in aging, frailty and exercise trials

  • Trail Making Test255
  • Stroop Color-Word Test230
  • Digit Span Test129
  • Verbal Learning128
  • Symbol Coding116
  • N-Back Task68

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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