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  1. Home
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  5. /Aging, frailty and exercise
  6. /Symbol Coding

Clinical trials data

Symbol Coding in aging, frailty and exercise trials: 116 registered studies

Every registered aging, frailty and exercise study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Symbol Coding in an outcome measure: how often it is a primary outcome, the tests named with it, how large the studies are and when they measure it.

Registered aging, frailty and exercise studies name it in an outcome measure
116
Name it in a primary outcome, 29%
34 of 116
Of the condition's 1,398 studies name it, against 9% of all registered studies
8%
Other conditions
Median participants per study
80
By phase
Try the Symbol Key GameTry Symbol Coding

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that aging, frailty and exercise studies naming Symbol Coding name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Trail Making Test52 studies, 17 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Verbal Learning33 studies, 11 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Digit Span Test30 studies, 12 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Stroop Color-Word Test30 studies, 10 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Verbal Fluency21 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    N-Back Task12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Task Switching Test9 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Short Story Recall8 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Matrix Reasoning8 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Selective Reminding Task7 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Studies by start year

Each study counted once. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 5 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 5 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 9 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 7 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 5 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 9 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 9 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 11 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 12 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 21 studies, 11 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 13 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200811
200900
201010
201100
201200
201331
201410
201530
201652
201752
201892
201971
202050
202193
202292
2023113
2024121
20252111
2026135

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 11 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 11 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/22 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 21 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 32 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 42 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable90 studies, 29 as a primary outcome
  • Observational17 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200
  • Not applicable82 median, 45 to 135
  • Observational92 median, 60 to 212
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per aging, frailty and exercise study that names Symbol Coding, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable898245 to 135
Observational179260 to 212

When aging, frailty and exercise trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Symbol Coding are measured within 12 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 5 weeks to 5 months. 34 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day17 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks10 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months35 outcomes, 14 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months27 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months11 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years7 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years7 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given2 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

114 of the 116 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting24 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting10 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting10 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Completed58 studies, 15 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown12 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral46 studies, 16 as a primary outcome
  • Drug5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Device10 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement14 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Biological1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Genetic1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other40 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • None given6 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States37 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Spain10 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Canada7 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark7 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • China6 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • France5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Sweden5 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Hong Kong4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Italy4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Belgium3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Germany3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

32 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 3 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed aging, frailty and exercise studies that name Symbol Coding: 23 of 58, 40%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed aging, frailty and exercise studies that name Symbol Coding and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted aging, frailty and exercise studies that name Symbol CodingEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper3, 5%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only4, 7%1,139, 14%
A results paper only16, 28%1,711, 22%
Neither35, 60%4,327, 54%

The 116 studies

Filter by phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
ConditionAging, frailty and exercise
TestSymbol Coding

116 studies match. 34 name Symbol Coding in a primary outcome. Median size 80 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 12 weeks.

Loading 116 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
01020302000: 0 studies, 0 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2008: 1 studies, 1 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2010: 1 studies, 0 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2013: 3 studies, 1 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2014: 1 studies, 0 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2015: 3 studies, 0 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome20152016: 5 studies, 2 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2017: 5 studies, 2 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2018: 9 studies, 2 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2019: 7 studies, 1 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2020: 5 studies, 0 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome20202021: 9 studies, 3 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2022: 9 studies, 2 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2023: 11 studies, 3 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2024: 12 studies, 1 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome2025: 21 studies, 11 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome20252026: 13 studies, 5 naming Symbol Coding in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 1 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200811
200900
201010
201100
201200
201331
201410
201530
201652
201752
201892
201971
202050
202193
202292
2023113
2024121
20252111
2026135

Library tests named most

  • Symbol Coding116 studies, 34 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test52 studies, 17 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning33 studies, 11 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test30 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test30 studies, 10 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Fluency21 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • N-Back Task12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Task Switching Test9 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Short Story Recall8 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Matrix Reasoning8 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

  • Aging, frailty and exercise116 studies, 34 as a primary outcome
  • Healthy volunteers12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Multiple sclerosis11 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Dementia and Alzheimer's9 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Mild cognitive impairment8 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Obesity and diabetes8 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Cardiovascular disease7 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Depression and bipolar disorder5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Parkinson's disease3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Sleep and sleep disorders3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Hearing loss2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 8, other 108. Interventional 99, observational 17.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeSymbol Coding

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07902206Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Huntington's diseaseParticipants88Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Symbol CodingSecondary6 months
NCT07890753Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingSecondary2 years
NCT07852572Start2027PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants204Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingSecondary6 months
NCT07827651Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteers, Aging, frailty and exercise, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants64Lead sponsorIndustryStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingSecondary12 weeks
NCT07769411Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants108Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingPrimary12 weeks
NCT07738120Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosis, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingPrimarysame day
NCT07701317Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants108Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary6 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary6 weeks
  • Symbol CodingPrimary6 weeks
NCT07668908Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingPrimary12 weeks
  • Clock Drawing TaskPrimary12 weeks
NCT07666685Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Cardiovascular diseaseParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Symbol CodingPrimary12 weeks
  • Task Switching TestPrimary12 weeks
NCT07633392Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Substance use and addiction, Sleep and sleep disorders, Cardiovascular diseaseParticipants240Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary4 months
  • Symbol CodingSecondary4 months
NCT07623122Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteers, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary4 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary4 weeks
  • Clock Drawing TaskSecondary4 weeks
NCT07544420Start2026PhasePhase 1ConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants21Lead sponsorIndustryStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingOther outcome9 weeks
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskOther outcome9 weeks
  • Size Order Memory TestOther outcome9 weeks
  • Face-name Memory TaskOther outcome9 weeks
NCT07543900Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosis, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants5Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingSecondarysame day
NCT07504120Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosis, Depression and bipolar disorder, Aging, frailty and exercise, Pain and fatigueParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary16 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary16 weeks
NCT07497334Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairment, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants45Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Symbol CodingSecondary6 months
  • Task Switching TestSecondary6 months
NCT07485062Start2026PhasePhase 4ConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Obesity and diabetesParticipants164Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary7 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary7 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary7 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary7 months
  • Symbol CodingSecondary7 months
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskSecondary7 months
NCT07392944Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary4 months
  • Symbol CodingSecondary4 months
NCT07378566Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosis, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingOther outcomesame day
NCT07341217Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancer, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants86Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingPrimary3 days
  • Rapid Visual Information ProcessingPrimary3 days
  • Size Order Memory TestPrimary3 days
NCT07292428Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary8 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary8 weeks
NCT07248657Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsMultiple sclerosis, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants26Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingPrimary4 months
NCT07209683Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingPrimary4 weeks
  • N-Back TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Dimensional Change Card SortPrimary4 weeks
  • Size Order Memory TestPrimary4 weeks
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonPrimary4 weeks
NCT07208279Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsHealthy volunteers, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants16Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary6 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary6 weeks
  • Symbol CodingPrimary6 weeks
NCT07170943Start2021PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipantsNot givenLead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary12 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary12 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary12 weeks
NCT07165977Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exerciseParticipants110Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary13 weeks
  • Matrix ReasoningOther outcome
  • Cancellation TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Recognition Memory TestPrimary13 weeks
  • Block Copy TestSecondary13 weeks

Page 1 of 5

Questions, answered from the data

How many aging, frailty and exercise trials use Symbol Coding?

116 registered aging, frailty and exercise studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 34 of them in a primary outcome: 8% of the condition's 1,398 studies with a cognitive outcome, against 9% of all of them. It is the 6th most named test in aging, frailty and exercise trials.

Which tests do aging, frailty and exercise trials use with Symbol Coding?

The Trail Making Test (52 studies), Verbal Learning (33 studies) and the Digit Span Test (30 studies).

When do aging, frailty and exercise trials measure Symbol Coding?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Symbol Coding are measured within 12 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 5 weeks to 5 months. 34 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed aging, frailty and exercise trials that use Symbol Coding have reported results?

23 of the 58 completed studies that name it, 40%, have reported results: 7 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 19 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 3 did both. The other 35 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on Symbol Coding and aging, frailty and exercise

  • Every cognitive test in aging, frailty and exercise trials: 1,398 studies
  • Symbol Coding in all clinical trials: 1,457 studies

Symbol Coding in other conditions

  • Multiple sclerosis375
  • Depression and bipolar disorder143
  • Dementia and Alzheimer's117
  • Sleep and sleep disorders89
  • Mild cognitive impairment84
  • Pain and fatigue82
  • Stroke61
  • Substance use and addiction60
  • Obesity and diabetes59
  • Cancer58
  • Healthy volunteers56

Other tests in aging, frailty and exercise trials

  • Trail Making Test255
  • Stroop Color-Word Test230
  • Verbal Fluency136
  • Digit Span Test129
  • Verbal Learning128
  • N-Back Task68

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

The census counts Symbol Key Game and Symbol Coding as one test family, so this page counts their studies together.

Run Symbol Coding in your trial

Choose tests with a record in registered trials, and run them in a browser at every site, on the same version each visit.

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