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  1. Home
  2. /Data
  3. /Clinical trials
  4. /Conditions
  5. /Brain injury and concussion
  6. /Trail Making Test

Clinical trials data

Trail Making Test in brain injury and concussion trials: 115 registered studies

Every registered brain injury and concussion study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names the Trail Making Test in an outcome measure: how often it is a primary outcome, the tests named with it, how large the studies are and when they measure it.

Registered brain injury and concussion studies name it in an outcome measure
115
Name it in a primary outcome, 38%
44 of 115
Of the condition's 444 studies name it, against 14% of all registered studies
26%
Other conditions
Median participants per study
50
By phase
Try Trail Making Test ATry Trail Making Test B

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that brain injury and concussion studies naming the Trail Making Test name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Verbal Fluency48 studies, 24 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Verbal Learning46 studies, 20 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Digit Span Test39 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Stroop Color-Word Test26 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Symbol Coding20 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Category Fluency13 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Paced Visual Serial Addition Test12 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Letter-Number Sequencing Task12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Continuous Performance Test12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Task Switching Test12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Studies by start year

Each study counted once. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 4 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 5 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 6 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 9 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 4 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 7 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 11 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 5 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 5 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 7 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 8 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 5 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 9 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 6 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 9 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 6 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200510
200600
200721
200800
200941
201021
201152
201220
201363
201492
201542
201673
2017112
201853
201953
202074
202184
202251
202394
202463
202594
202661

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 11 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 13 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/21 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 210 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 34 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 42 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable75 studies, 32 as a primary outcome
  • Observational19 studies, 7 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200
  • Phase 247 median, 42 to 71
  • Not applicable38 median, 21 to 77
  • Observational117 median, 43 to 209
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per brain injury and concussion study that names the Trail Making Test, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Phase 2104742 to 71
Not applicable743821 to 77
Observational1811743 to 209

When brain injury and concussion trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Trail Making Test are measured within 11 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 1 week to 5 months. 42 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day15 outcomes, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks21 outcomes, 10 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months40 outcomes, 15 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months19 outcomes, 8 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months11 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years2 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years1 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given6 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

109 of the 115 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting24 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Completed58 studies, 23 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown17 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral38 studies, 17 as a primary outcome
  • Drug14 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Device29 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure7 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Diagnostic test3 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Biological3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other28 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • None given9 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States66 studies, 24 as a primary outcome
  • Norway7 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • France6 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Canada4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Italy4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Spain4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Denmark3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Sweden3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Brazil2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • China2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Finland2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

26 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 9 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed brain injury and concussion studies that name the Trail Making Test: 26 of 58, 45%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed brain injury and concussion studies that name the Trail Making Test and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted brain injury and concussion studies that name the Trail Making TestEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper7, 12%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only10, 17%1,139, 14%
A results paper only9, 16%1,711, 22%
Neither32, 55%4,327, 54%

The 115 studies

Filter by phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
ConditionBrain injury and concussion
TestThe Trail Making Test

115 studies match. 44 name the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome. Median size 50 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 11 weeks.

Loading 115 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
0510152000: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2005: 1 studies, 0 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2007: 2 studies, 1 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2009: 4 studies, 1 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2010: 2 studies, 1 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome20102011: 5 studies, 2 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2012: 2 studies, 0 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2013: 6 studies, 3 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2014: 9 studies, 2 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2015: 4 studies, 2 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome20152016: 7 studies, 3 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2017: 11 studies, 2 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2018: 5 studies, 3 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2019: 5 studies, 3 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2020: 7 studies, 4 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome20202021: 8 studies, 4 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2022: 5 studies, 1 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2023: 9 studies, 4 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2024: 6 studies, 3 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome2025: 9 studies, 4 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome20252026: 6 studies, 1 naming the Trail Making Test in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 2 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200510
200600
200721
200800
200941
201021
201152
201220
201363
201492
201542
201673
2017112
201853
201953
202074
202184
202251
202394
202463
202594
202661

Library tests named most

  • Trail Making Test115 studies, 44 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Fluency48 studies, 24 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning46 studies, 20 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test39 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test26 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding20 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Category Fluency13 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Paced Visual Serial Addition Test12 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Letter-Number Sequencing Task12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Continuous Performance Test12 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

Largest condition groups

  • Brain injury and concussion115 studies, 44 as a primary outcome
  • Stroke10 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Mild cognitive impairment3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Pain and fatigue3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Dementia and Alzheimer's2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Parkinson's disease2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • ADHD2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Healthy volunteers2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Delirium, surgery and intensive care2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Multiple sclerosis1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Depression and bipolar disorder1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 5, NIH 2, other 108. Interventional 96, observational 19.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeThe Trail Making Test

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07730099Start2027PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants40Lead sponsorIndustryStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestOther outcome13 weeks
NCT07557615Start2027PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
NCT07431320Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussion, Healthy volunteersParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondarysame day
  • Tower PlanningSecondarysame day
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestSecondarysame day
NCT07428980Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants7Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary2 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary2 weeks
  • N-Back TaskSecondary2 weeks
  • Task Switching TestSecondary2 weeks
NCT07413562Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary13 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary13 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary13 weeks
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary13 weeks
NCT07378592Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary16 weeks
  • Field of View Speed TestPrimary16 weeks
NCT07345481Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsStroke, Brain injury and concussionParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondarysame day
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondarysame day
  • Verbal LearningSecondarysame day
  • Digit Span TestSecondarysame day
  • Task Switching TestSecondarysame day
  • Serial Reaction TimeSecondarysame day
NCT07190365Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants80Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary6 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskPrimary6 months
NCT07050173Start2026PhasePhase 1ConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
NCT07025317Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary
  • Verbal LearningPrimary
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary
  • Digit Span TestPrimary
  • Symbol CodingPrimary
NCT06989970Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary
  • Verbal FluencyOther outcome
  • Digit Span TestSecondary
  • N-Back TaskPrimary
  • Picture Naming TestOther outcome
  • Task Switching TestPrimary
  • Attention Network TestPrimary
  • Simon TaskSecondary
  • Self-Ordered Pointing TaskPrimary
NCT06956404Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants70Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary6 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary6 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 weeks
NCT06923683Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants8Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestOther outcomesame day
NCT06920784Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary2 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary2 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary2 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary2 weeks
  • Matrix ReasoningSecondary2 weeks
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestSecondary2 weeks
NCT06848140Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants24Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary9 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary9 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary9 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary9 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary9 weeks
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary9 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary9 weeks
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary9 weeks
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary9 weeks
NCT06840808Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants14Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary9 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary9 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary9 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary9 weeks
  • Symbol CodingSecondary9 weeks
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary9 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary9 weeks
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary9 weeks
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary9 weeks
NCT06800040Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsStroke, Brain injury and concussionParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestOther outcome13 weeks
  • Verbal LearningSecondary13 weeks
NCT06749197Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsStroke, Brain injury and concussion, ADHDParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary12 weeks
NCT06604000Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants116Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondarysame day
  • Continuous Performance TestSecondary12 months
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondarysame day
  • Vocabulary TestWording unclear
NCT06589362Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimarysame day
  • N-Back TaskPrimarysame day
  • Task Switching TestPrimarysame day
NCT06562127Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary8 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary8 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary8 months
  • Digit Span TestPrimary8 months
NCT06494592Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants37Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary12 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary12 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary12 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary12 weeks
NCT06480838Start2023PhaseObservationalConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants130Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary
  • Verbal LearningSecondary
  • Dimensional Change Card SortPrimary
  • Vocabulary TestPrimary
  • Size Order Memory TestPrimary
  • Pattern and Letter ComparisonPrimary
  • Picture Order Memory TestPrimary
  • Symbol Scan TaskSecondary
NCT06474871Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussionParticipants28Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary5 weeks
NCT06380985Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsBrain injury and concussion, Substance use and addictionParticipantsNot givenLead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestOther outcome4 weeks
  • Design Fluency TestOther outcome4 weeks

Page 1 of 5

Questions, answered from the data

How many brain injury and concussion trials use the Trail Making Test?

115 registered brain injury and concussion studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 44 of them in a primary outcome: 26% of the condition's 444 studies with a cognitive outcome, against 14% of all of them. It is the test brain injury and concussion trials name most.

Which tests do brain injury and concussion trials use with the Trail Making Test?

Verbal Fluency (48 studies), Verbal Learning (46 studies) and the Digit Span Test (39 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 brain injury and concussion trials that use the Trail Making Test enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 47 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 42 to 71. 10 of them give a size.

When do brain injury and concussion trials measure the Trail Making Test?

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Trail Making Test are measured within 11 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 1 week to 5 months. 42 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed brain injury and concussion trials that use the Trail Making Test have reported results?

26 of the 58 completed studies that name it, 45%, have reported results: 17 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 16 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 7 did both. The other 32 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on the Trail Making Test and brain injury and concussion

  • Every cognitive test in brain injury and concussion trials: 444 studies
  • The Trail Making Test in all clinical trials: 2,293 studies

The Trail Making Test in other conditions

  • Dementia and Alzheimer's273
  • Aging, frailty and exercise255
  • Mild cognitive impairment213
  • Depression and bipolar disorder204
  • Cancer187
  • Parkinson's disease156
  • Stroke156
  • Cardiovascular disease105
  • Obesity and diabetes102
  • Schizophrenia and psychosis102
  • Pain and fatigue94
  • Sleep and sleep disorders85
  • Cognitive impairment and decline77
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD69
  • Delirium, surgery and intensive care69
  • Healthy volunteers68
  • Substance use and addiction52

Other tests in brain injury and concussion trials

  • Verbal Learning111
  • Digit Span Test98
  • Verbal Fluency86
  • Stroop Color-Word Test59

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

The census counts Trail Making Test A and Trail Making Test B as one test family, so this page counts their studies together.

Run the Trail Making Test in your trial

Choose tests with a record in registered trials, and run them in a browser at every site, on the same version each visit.

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