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Clinical trials data

Purchase Task in clinical trials: 89 registered studies

Every registered study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names the Purchase Task in an outcome measure: the conditions it is used in, how often it is a primary outcome, the tests it is named with, and how large the studies are.

Registered studies name it in an outcome measure
89
Name it in a primary outcome, 42%
37 of 89
Against similar tests
Of studies started 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.6% in 2016 to 2020
0.7%
By year
Median participants per study
70
By phase
Try the Purchase Task

The conditions it is used in

Each study counted once in each condition group it falls in.
  1. Substance use and addiction78 studies, 30 as a primary outcome

  2. Cancer6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  3. Pain and fatigue4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  4. Anxiety, PTSD and OCD3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  5. Healthy volunteers2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

  6. Aging, frailty and exercise2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  7. Obesity and diabetes1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  8. Cardiovascular disease1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

  9. Other conditions8 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

How often it is a primary outcome

The Purchase Task is a primary outcome in 42% of its studies. Across the 30 executive function tests with a page here, the median is 37%.
  1. Cue Reactivity Task56% of 188 studies

  2. Purchase Task42% of 89 studies

  3. Stroop Color-Word Test41% of 1,929 studies

  4. Tower Planning40% of 247 studies

  5. Task Switching Test40% of 334 studies

  6. Dimensional Change Card Sort38% of 214 studies

  7. Verbal Fluency37% of 1,745 studies

  8. Delay Discounting36% of 257 studies

  9. Clock Drawing Task35% of 281 studies

  10. Matrix Reasoning35% of 272 studies

  11. Card Sorting Test (Berg)34% of 411 studies

  12. Trail Making Test31% of 2,293 studies

  13. AX Continuous Performance Test17% of 191 studies

Studies by start year

0.7% of the registered studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.6% of those that started in 2016 to 2020. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 5 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 9 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 5 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 7 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 8 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 11 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 10 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 8 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 12 studies, 5 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 10 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200900
201000
201100
201200
201300
201400
201510
201621
201752
201893
201952
202076
202182
2022114
2023104
202483
2025125
2026104

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 16 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 15 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/22 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 210 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 32 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 41 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable61 studies, 28 as a primary outcome
  • Observational2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200
  • Not applicable94 median, 49 to 163
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per study that names the Purchase Task, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable599449 to 163

When trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Purchase Task are measured within 2 days of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 3 weeks. 34 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day29 outcomes, 16 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks32 outcomes, 17 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months13 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months1 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months3 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years1 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given9 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

79 of the 88 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting21 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Completed52 studies, 24 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early9 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral42 studies, 19 as a primary outcome
  • Drug31 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Device7 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Other32 studies, 13 as a primary outcome
  • None given2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States78 studies, 35 as a primary outcome
  • Canada4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Spain2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Australia1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Switzerland1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Uganda1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

6 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 2 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed studies that name the Purchase Task: 36 of 52, 69%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed studies that name the Purchase Task and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted studies that name the Purchase TaskEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper9, 17%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only21, 40%1,139, 14%
A results paper only6, 12%1,711, 22%
Neither16, 31%4,327, 54%

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that studies naming the Purchase Task name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Delay Discounting14 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    N-Back Task7 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Stop-Signal Task6 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Progressive Ratio Task4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Go/No-Go Task4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Continuous Performance Test3 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    AX Continuous Performance Test3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Sustained Attention to Response3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Trail Making Test3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Verbal Learning3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Compared over time

Studies per start year for the Purchase Task and the tests named with it most. Add or remove tests to compare.
Purchase Task88 studies, 2000 to 2026
0501002000201020202026
Delay Discounting254 studies, 2000 to 2026
0501002000201020202026
N-Back Task787 studies, 2000 to 2026
0501002000201020202026
Stop-Signal Task320 studies, 2000 to 2026
0501002000201020202026

The panel's testThe other tests chosenEvery panel has the same scale. 2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Registered studies per start year that name each test
Start yearPurchase TaskDelay DiscountingN-Back TaskStop-Signal Task
20000000
20010000
20020020
20030020
20040000
20050041
20060030
200701100
200801102
20090151
201004114
201101202
201201144
20130102311
20140112516
2015162512
2016283219
20175135118
20189225430
20195315937
20207143018
20218197021
202211186224
202310237129
20248276933
202512236717
202610206821

Explore the 89 studies

Filter by condition, phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
TestThe Purchase Task

89 studies match. 37 name the Purchase Task in a primary outcome. Median size 70 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 2 days.

Loading 89 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
0510152000: 0 studies, 0 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2013: 0 studies, 0 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2014: 0 studies, 0 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2015: 1 studies, 0 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome20152016: 2 studies, 1 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2017: 5 studies, 2 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2018: 9 studies, 3 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2019: 5 studies, 2 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2020: 7 studies, 6 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome20202021: 8 studies, 2 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2022: 11 studies, 4 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2023: 10 studies, 4 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2024: 8 studies, 3 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome2025: 12 studies, 5 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome20252026: 10 studies, 4 naming the Purchase Task in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 1 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200900
201000
201100
201200
201300
201400
201510
201621
201752
201893
201952
202076
202182
2022114
2023104
202483
2025125
2026104

Library tests named most

  • Purchase Task89 studies, 37 as a primary outcome
  • Delay Discounting14 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • N-Back Task7 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Stop-Signal Task6 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Progressive Ratio Task4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Go/No-Go Task4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Continuous Performance Test3 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • AX Continuous Performance Test3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Sustained Attention to Response3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

Conditions

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: other 89. Interventional 87, observational 2.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeThe Purchase Task

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07899827Start2027PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancer, Substance use and addictionParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Purchase TaskPrimary4 weeks
NCT07776938Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants168Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Purchase TaskPrimary
NCT07688304Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Purchase TaskPrimary
NCT07585006Start2026PhasePhase 1ConditionsCancer, Substance use and addictionParticipants70Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Purchase TaskPrimary2 days
NCT07564648Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants48Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Purchase TaskSecondary3 weeks
  • Progressive Ratio TaskSecondary3 weeks
NCT07542431Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsAnxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants120Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Purchase TaskOther outcome4 weeks
NCT07434895Start2026PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsHealthy volunteers, Substance use and addiction, Pain and fatigueParticipants23Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Purchase TaskPrimary2 weeks
NCT07348679Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants252Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Purchase TaskSecondary5 weeks
NCT07292519Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsObesity and diabetes, Substance use and addictionParticipants46Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Cue Reactivity TaskSecondary12 weeks
  • Purchase TaskOther outcome12 weeks
NCT07157540Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants565Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Purchase TaskOther outcome7 months
NCT07111234Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsCancer, Substance use and addictionParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Purchase TaskPrimarysame day
NCT07092501Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants24Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Purchase TaskSecondarysame day
NCT07010601Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants737Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Purchase TaskPrimarysame day
NCT07001930Start2025PhasePhase 1ConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants90Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskSecondarysame day
  • Purchase TaskSecondarysame day
  • Sustained Attention to ResponseSecondarysame day
NCT06988371Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants747Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingSecondarysame day
  • Purchase TaskSecondarysame day
NCT06954402Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants125Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary
  • Purchase TaskSecondary
  • Emotional Stroop TaskPrimary
NCT06944847Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsOther conditionsParticipants64Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskPrimarysame day
  • Continuous Performance TestPrimarysame day
  • Stop-Signal TaskPrimarysame day
  • AX Continuous Performance TestWording unclear
  • Purchase TaskPrimarysame day
  • Spatial Working MemoryPrimarysame day
NCT06771843Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants716Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingOther outcome12 months
  • Purchase TaskOther outcome12 months
NCT06747871Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addiction, Pain and fatigueParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Purchase TaskPrimary4 weeks
NCT06630728Start2025PhasePhase 4ConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Purchase TaskSecondarysame day
NCT06629467Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Substance use and addictionParticipants128Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary6 weeks
  • Purchase TaskSecondarysame day
NCT06576674Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants64Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompleted

Results

Library tests named
  • Dot-Probe TaskSecondarysame day
  • Purchase TaskSecondarysame day
NCT06506162Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants320Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Purchase TaskSecondary
NCT06432361Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants104Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Purchase TaskPrimary4 weeks
NCT06430580Start2024PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants38Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Purchase TaskPrimary3 weeks

Page 1 of 4

Questions, answered from the data

How many clinical trials use the Purchase Task?

89 registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 37 of them in a primary outcome.

In which conditions do trials use the Purchase Task?

Most often in substance use and addiction (78), cancer (6) and pain and fatigue (4).

Do new trials use the Purchase Task more or less?

0.7% of the studies that started in 2021 to 2025 name it, against 0.6% of those that started in 2016 to 2020: a share 11% larger.

Which tests do trials use with the Purchase Task?

Delay Discounting (14 studies), the N-Back Task (7 studies) and the Stop-Signal Task (6 studies).

When do trials measure the Purchase Task?

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Purchase Task are measured within 2 days of the start, and the middle half from the first day to 3 weeks. 34 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed trials that use the Purchase Task have reported results?

36 of the 52 completed studies that name it, 69%, have reported results: 30 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 15 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 9 did both. The other 16 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on tests in clinical trials

  • Purchase Task: what it measures, its scores, and a version to try
  • All 101 tests in clinical trials
  • Cognitive tests by condition
  • Every registered study, by test, condition, phase and year

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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