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  1. Home
  2. /Data
  3. /Clinical trials
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  5. /Substance use and addiction
  6. /Delay Discounting

Clinical trials data

Delay Discounting in substance use and addiction trials: 104 registered studies

Every registered substance use and addiction study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names Delay Discounting in an outcome measure: how often it is a primary outcome, the tests named with it, how large the studies are and when they measure it.

Registered substance use and addiction studies name it in an outcome measure
104
Name it in a primary outcome, 33%
34 of 104
Of the condition's 895 studies name it, against 2% of all registered studies
12%
Other conditions
Median participants per study
64
By phase
Try Delay DiscountingTry Food Delay Discounting

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that substance use and addiction studies naming Delay Discounting name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Purchase Task14 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Stop-Signal Task11 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Balloon Risk9 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Digit Span Test7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    N-Back Task6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Stroop Color-Word Test6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Card Sorting Test (Berg)5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Go/No-Go Task5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Letter-Number Sequencing Task4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Iowa Gambling Lite4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Studies by start year

Each study counted once. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 2 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 3 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 4 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 5 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 11 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 9 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 9 studies, 6 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 9 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 7 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 9 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 10 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 8 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 9 studies, 4 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200910
201021
201100
201200
201331
201432
201530
201643
201751
2018111
201990
202096
202192
202272
202394
2024103
202584
202694

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 14 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 16 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/23 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 213 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 31 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 42 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable69 studies, 21 as a primary outcome
  • Observational6 studies, 5 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

102050100200
  • Phase 276 median, 41 to 151
  • Not applicable71 median, 40 to 126
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per substance use and addiction study that names Delay Discounting, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Phase 2127641 to 151
Not applicable677140 to 126

When substance use and addiction trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name Delay Discounting are measured within 4 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 4 days to 8 weeks. 30 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day16 outcomes, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks35 outcomes, 13 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months26 outcomes, 6 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months11 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months5 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years2 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years3 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given5 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

98 of the 103 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting17 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting6 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Completed59 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early14 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral53 studies, 16 as a primary outcome
  • Drug29 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Device20 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Other16 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • None given3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States83 studies, 29 as a primary outcome
  • China4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Spain4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Switzerland2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Germany1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Hong Kong1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Puerto Rico1 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Sweden1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Uganda1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • United Kingdom1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

10 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 6 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed substance use and addiction studies that name Delay Discounting: 36 of 59, 61%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed substance use and addiction studies that name Delay Discounting and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted substance use and addiction studies that name Delay DiscountingEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper10, 17%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only18, 31%1,139, 14%
A results paper only8, 14%1,711, 22%
Neither23, 39%4,327, 54%

The 104 studies

Filter by phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
ConditionSubstance use and addiction
TestDelay Discounting

104 studies match. 34 name Delay Discounting in a primary outcome. Median size 64 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 4 weeks.

Loading 104 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
0510152000: 0 studies, 0 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2003: 0 studies, 0 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2008: 0 studies, 0 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2009: 1 studies, 0 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2010: 2 studies, 1 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome20102011: 0 studies, 0 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2012: 0 studies, 0 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2013: 3 studies, 1 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2014: 3 studies, 2 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2015: 3 studies, 0 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome20152016: 4 studies, 3 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2017: 5 studies, 1 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2018: 11 studies, 1 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2019: 9 studies, 0 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2020: 9 studies, 6 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome20202021: 9 studies, 2 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2022: 7 studies, 2 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2023: 9 studies, 4 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2024: 10 studies, 3 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome2025: 8 studies, 4 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome20252026: 9 studies, 4 naming Delay Discounting in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts. Not shown: 2 planned to start after 2026.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200300
200400
200500
200600
200700
200800
200910
201021
201100
201200
201331
201432
201530
201643
201751
2018111
201990
202096
202192
202272
202394
2024103
202584
202694

Library tests named most

  • Delay Discounting104 studies, 34 as a primary outcome
  • Purchase Task14 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Stop-Signal Task11 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Balloon Risk9 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test7 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • N-Back Task6 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test6 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)5 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Go/No-Go Task5 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Letter-Number Sequencing Task4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome

Conditions

  • Substance use and addiction104 studies, 34 as a primary outcome
  • Sleep and sleep disorders5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Anxiety, PTSD and OCD4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Depression and bipolar disorder3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Cancer3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Obesity and diabetes3 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Pain and fatigue3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Aging, frailty and exercise1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 2, other 102. Interventional 98, observational 6.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeDelay Discounting

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07802223Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Eriksen Flanker TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary4 weeks
NCT07736742Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Symbol CodingSecondary6 months
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary6 months
NCT07503782Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants42Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary6 weeks
NCT07479771Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants53Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary13 weeks
NCT07341230Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants9Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary10 months
  • Loss Aversion TaskSecondary10 months
NCT07178158Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingOther outcome4 weeks
NCT07171359Start2027PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskSecondary4 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary4 weeks
  • Balloon RiskSecondary4 weeks
NCT07158853Start2026PhasePhase 1ConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingPrimary
NCT06988371Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants747Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingSecondarysame day
  • Purchase TaskSecondarysame day
NCT06981195Start2025PhasePhase 2ConditionsSubstance use and addiction, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingPrimary8 weeks
NCT06771843Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants716Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingOther outcome12 months
  • Purchase TaskOther outcome12 months
NCT06712446Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants14Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingPrimary1 week
  • Willingness to Wait TaskPrimary1 week
NCT06629493Start2022PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants90Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary4 weeks
NCT06629467Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsAging, frailty and exercise, Substance use and addictionParticipants128Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary6 weeks
  • Purchase TaskSecondarysame day
NCT06628622Start2025PhasePhase 1ConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants12Lead sponsorIndustryStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingPrimary1 week
NCT06381180Start2025PhasePhase 1/2ConditionsSubstance use and addiction, Anxiety, PTSD and OCDParticipants500Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary9 months
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary9 months
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary9 months
  • Iowa Gambling LiteSecondary9 months
NCT06349083Start2026PhasePhase 2ConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Go/No-Go TaskPrimary4 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingPrimary4 weeks
  • Patch Foraging TaskPrimary6 months
NCT06326684Start2024PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants30Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • N-Back TaskSecondary3 weeks
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary3 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary3 weeks
NCT06286774Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addiction, Sleep and sleep disordersParticipants256Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary13 weeks
  • N-Back TaskSecondary13 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary6 months
NCT06265506Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingPrimarysame day
NCT06242704Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants72Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestSecondary13 weeks
  • Stop-Signal TaskSecondary13 weeks
  • Delay DiscountingPrimary13 weeks
  • Letter-Number Sequencing TaskSecondary13 weeks
  • Balloon RiskSecondary13 weeks
NCT06234722Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants473Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingSecondary4 weeks
  • Purchase TaskSecondary4 weeks
NCT06228235Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants20Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingSecondarysame day
NCT06221839Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants72Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingPrimarysame day
NCT06199076Start2023PhasePhase 2ConditionsSubstance use and addictionParticipants206Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped earlyLibrary tests named
  • Delay DiscountingSecondarysame day
  • Emoji Emotion RecognitionSecondarysame day
  • Dictator GamePrimarysame day

Page 1 of 5

Questions, answered from the data

How many substance use and addiction trials use Delay Discounting?

104 registered substance use and addiction studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 34 of them in a primary outcome: 12% of the condition's 895 studies with a cognitive outcome, against 2% of all of them. It is the 2nd most named test in substance use and addiction trials.

Which tests do substance use and addiction trials use with Delay Discounting?

The Purchase Task (14 studies), the Stop-Signal Task (11 studies) and Balloon Risk (9 studies).

How many participants do phase 2 substance use and addiction trials that use Delay Discounting enroll?

Half of the phase 2 studies that name it enroll 76 participants or fewer, and the middle half enroll 41 to 151. 12 of them give a size.

When do substance use and addiction trials measure Delay Discounting?

Half of the primary outcomes that name Delay Discounting are measured within 4 weeks of the start, and the middle half from 4 days to 8 weeks. 30 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed substance use and addiction trials that use Delay Discounting have reported results?

36 of the 59 completed studies that name it, 61%, have reported results: 28 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 18 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 10 did both. The other 23 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on Delay Discounting and substance use and addiction

  • Every cognitive test in substance use and addiction trials: 895 studies
  • Delay Discounting in all clinical trials: 257 studies

Other tests in substance use and addiction trials

  • Cue Reactivity Task158
  • Stop-Signal Task92
  • Go/No-Go Task80
  • Purchase Task78
  • Verbal Learning77
  • Stroop Color-Word Test75
  • N-Back Task68
  • Symbol Coding60
  • Continuous Performance Test53
  • Trail Making Test52

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

The census counts Delay Discounting and Food Delay Discounting as one test family, so this page counts their studies together.

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