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  1. Home
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  5. /Mild cognitive impairment
  6. /Picture Naming Test

Clinical trials data

Picture Naming Test in mild cognitive impairment trials: 71 registered studies

Every registered mild cognitive impairment study on ClinicalTrials.gov that names the Picture Naming Test in an outcome measure: how often it is a primary outcome, the tests named with it, how large the studies are and when they measure it.

Registered mild cognitive impairment studies name it in an outcome measure
71
Name it in a primary outcome, 32%
23 of 71
Of the condition's 859 studies name it, against 3% of all registered studies
8%
Other conditions
Median participants per study
82
By phase
Try the Picture Naming Test

Tests named in the same studies

The library tests that mild cognitive impairment studies naming the Picture Naming Test name most often beside it.
  1. 1

    Verbal Learning45 studies, 23 as a primary outcome

  2. 2

    Verbal Fluency45 studies, 18 as a primary outcome

  3. 3

    Trail Making Test41 studies, 14 as a primary outcome

  4. 4

    Digit Span Test27 studies, 9 as a primary outcome

  5. 5

    Category Fluency24 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  6. 6

    Clock Drawing Task18 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

  7. 7

    Short Story Recall17 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  8. 8

    Stroop Color-Word Test13 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

  9. 9

    Symbol Coding11 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

  10. 10

    Complex Figure Copy and Recall9 studies, 4 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Studies by start year

Each study counted once. 2026 is partly planned starts.
02000: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2003: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2008: 1 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome20102011: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2012: 2 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2013: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2014: 1 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2015: 4 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20152016: 3 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2017: 5 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome2018: 3 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2019: 5 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2020: 5 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome20202021: 4 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2022: 3 studies, 0 with a test as a primary outcome2023: 10 studies, 3 with a test as a primary outcome2024: 6 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome2025: 6 studies, 1 with a test as a primary outcome20252026: 9 studies, 2 with a test as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

Show as a table
Registered studies by start year
Start yearStudiesA test as a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200311
200400
200500
200600
200700
200811
200900
201000
201120
201220
201310
201410
201542
201631
201751
201832
201953
202052
202142
202230
2023103
202462
202561
202692

Phases and study sizes

By phase

  • Early phase 12 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 11 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 1/21 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 27 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 31 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Phase 42 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Not applicable44 studies, 16 as a primary outcome
  • Observational13 studies, 3 as a primary outcome

Participants per study

1020501002005001,000
  • Not applicable60 median, 37 to 101
  • Observational200 median, 148 to 750
Participants per study. The bar spans the middle half of the studies in each phase, the mark is the median, and the axis is logarithmic. Phases with fewer than 10 studies that give a size are left out.
Show as a table
Participants per mild cognitive impairment study that names the Picture Naming Test, by phase
PhaseStudies with a sizeMedianMiddle half
Not applicable446037 to 101
Observational13200148 to 750

When mild cognitive impairment trials measure it

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Picture Naming Test are measured within 6 months of the start, and the middle half from 10 weeks to 12 months. 23 primary outcomes give a duration.

Latest time point of each outcome

  • Within a day5 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Up to 4 weeks4 outcomes, 1 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 3 months12 outcomes, 6 as a primary outcome
  • 3 to 6 months20 outcomes, 6 as a primary outcome
  • 6 to 12 months16 outcomes, 4 as a primary outcome
  • 1 to 2 years6 outcomes, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Over 2 years7 outcomes, 3 as a primary outcome
  • No duration given1 outcomes, 0 as a primary outcome

A test as a primary outcomeOnly in secondary or other outcomes

70 of the 71 outcome measures give a duration. A single visit counts as within a day.

Status, results, interventions and countries

Status

  • Recruiting12 studies, 5 as a primary outcome
  • Not yet recruiting6 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Active, not recruiting2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Completed29 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Stopped early4 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Status unknown18 studies, 8 as a primary outcome

What they test

  • Behavioral22 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Drug10 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Device17 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • Dietary supplement7 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Procedure2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Biological2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Radiation1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Combination product2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Other17 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • None given5 studies, 1 as a primary outcome

Intervention types as registered. A study can list several; observational studies often list none.

Where their sites are

  • United States26 studies, 7 as a primary outcome
  • China11 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Canada4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Greece4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • South Korea4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Italy3 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Spain3 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Germany2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Netherlands2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Singapore2 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Taiwan2 studies, 2 as a primary outcome
  • Australia1 studies, 0 as a primary outcome

18 countries in all. A study with sites in several counts in each; 9 list no site.

Reported results

Completed studies with results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov, a results paper the registry links to the study, or both.

Completed mild cognitive impairment studies that name the Picture Naming Test: 18 of 29, 62%

Every completed study with a cognitive outcome: 3,626 of 7,953, 46%

Completed mild cognitive impairment studies that name the Picture Naming Test and every completed study, by how they reported results
ResultsCompleted mild cognitive impairment studies that name the Picture Naming TestEvery completed study
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov and a paper7, 24%776, 10%
Results on ClinicalTrials.gov only6, 21%1,139, 14%
A results paper only5, 17%1,711, 22%
Neither11, 38%4,327, 54%

The 71 studies

Filter by phase, sponsor, status, country, intervention, outcome list, size and start year. Each study links to its record on ClinicalTrials.gov.
ConditionMild cognitive impairment
TestThe Picture Naming Test

71 studies match. 23 name the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome. Median size 82 participants. Median time to the primary outcome: 6 months.

Loading 71 studies; the filters turn on when they arrive.

By start year
02.557.5102000: 0 studies, 0 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome20002001: 0 studies, 0 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2002: 0 studies, 0 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2003: 1 studies, 1 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2004: 0 studies, 0 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2005: 0 studies, 0 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome20052006: 0 studies, 0 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2007: 0 studies, 0 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2008: 1 studies, 1 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2009: 0 studies, 0 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2010: 0 studies, 0 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome20102011: 2 studies, 0 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2012: 2 studies, 0 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2013: 1 studies, 0 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2014: 1 studies, 0 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2015: 4 studies, 2 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome20152016: 3 studies, 1 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2017: 5 studies, 1 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2018: 3 studies, 2 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2019: 5 studies, 3 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2020: 5 studies, 2 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome20202021: 4 studies, 2 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2022: 3 studies, 0 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2023: 10 studies, 3 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2024: 6 studies, 2 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome2025: 6 studies, 1 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome20252026: 9 studies, 2 naming the Picture Naming Test in a primary outcome

2026 is partly planned starts.

Show as a table
Matching studies by start year
Start yearStudiesAs a primary outcome
200000
200100
200200
200311
200400
200500
200600
200700
200811
200900
201000
201120
201220
201310
201410
201542
201631
201751
201832
201953
202052
202142
202230
2023103
202462
202561
202692

Library tests named most

  • Picture Naming Test71 studies, 23 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Learning45 studies, 23 as a primary outcome
  • Verbal Fluency45 studies, 18 as a primary outcome
  • Trail Making Test41 studies, 14 as a primary outcome
  • Digit Span Test27 studies, 9 as a primary outcome
  • Category Fluency24 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Clock Drawing Task18 studies, 8 as a primary outcome
  • Short Story Recall17 studies, 6 as a primary outcome
  • Stroop Color-Word Test13 studies, 4 as a primary outcome
  • Symbol Coding11 studies, 6 as a primary outcome

Conditions

  • Mild cognitive impairment71 studies, 23 as a primary outcome
  • Dementia and Alzheimer's31 studies, 12 as a primary outcome
  • Parkinson's disease4 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Depression and bipolar disorder4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Aging, frailty and exercise4 studies, 3 as a primary outcome
  • Obesity and diabetes4 studies, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Cardiovascular disease2 studies, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Cancer1 study, 0 as a primary outcome
  • Healthy volunteers1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Sleep and sleep disorders1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Hearing loss1 study, 1 as a primary outcome
  • Delirium, surgery and intensive care1 study, 0 as a primary outcome

Phases

Participants

Lead sponsor: industry 2, other 69. Interventional 58, observational 13.

As a primary outcomeSecondary or other outcomeThe Picture Naming Test

The studies, newest registration first

Each number opens the study's record on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Registered studies that match the filters, newest registration first, with the library tests each one names and the outcome list that names them.
StudyStartPhaseConditionsParticipantsLead sponsorStatusLibrary tests named, with the latest time point
NCT07688382Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairmentParticipants70Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary12 weeks
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary12 weeks
NCT07667478Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairmentParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary6 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary6 months
  • Digit Span TestPrimary6 months
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary6 months
NCT07650318Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairment, Obesity and diabetesParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Category FluencySecondary6 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary6 months
  • Short Story RecallSecondary6 months
  • Delayed Recall ModuleSecondary6 months
NCT07642518Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairment, Obesity and diabetesParticipants38Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary6 months
  • Category FluencySecondary6 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary6 months
  • Short Story RecallSecondary6 months
NCT07608510Start2026PhaseObservationalConditionsMild cognitive impairmentParticipants150Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary
  • Verbal LearningSecondary
  • Verbal FluencySecondary
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary
NCT07517380Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairmentParticipants40Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary6 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestPrimary6 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary6 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary6 months
  • Digit Span TestPrimary6 months
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary6 months
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallPrimary6 months
  • Matrix ReasoningPrimary6 months
  • Corsi Block-Tapping TestPrimary6 months
NCT07512193Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairmentParticipants10Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary4 weeks
  • Verbal LearningPrimary4 weeks
  • Verbal FluencySecondary4 weeks
  • Digit Span TestSecondary4 weeks
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary4 weeks
  • Mnemonic Similarity TaskSecondary4 weeks
NCT07402356Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairment, Depression and bipolar disorderParticipants140Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • N-Back TaskPrimarysame day
  • Category FluencySecondary6 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary6 months
NCT07214974Start2026PhaseEarly phase 1ConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson's diseaseParticipants600Lead sponsorIndustryStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary5 years
  • Verbal LearningSecondary5 years
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary5 years
NCT07210528Start2025PhasePhase 1ConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairmentParticipants48Lead sponsorOtherStatusActive, not recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Digit Span TestSecondary12 weeks
  • Category FluencySecondary12 weeks
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary12 weeks
  • Short Story RecallSecondary12 weeks
NCT07105800Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairment, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants50Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary10 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary10 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary10 weeks
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary10 weeks
  • Clock Drawing TaskPrimary10 weeks
NCT07089303Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairmentParticipants750Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary12 months
  • Symbol CodingSecondary12 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary12 months
  • Clock Drawing TaskSecondary12 months
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary12 months
NCT06897670Start2025PhaseObservationalConditionsMild cognitive impairment, Depression and bipolar disorderParticipants200Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondarysame day
  • Verbal FluencySecondarysame day
  • Picture Naming TestSecondarysame day
NCT06821828Start2025PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairment, Aging, frailty and exerciseParticipants114Lead sponsorOtherStatusNot yet recruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary2 years
  • Verbal LearningSecondary2 years
  • Verbal FluencySecondary2 years
  • Digit Span TestSecondary2 years
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary2 years
  • Task Switching TestSecondary2 years
  • Clock Drawing TaskSecondary2 years
NCT06670807Start2026PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairmentParticipants100Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal FluencySecondary16 weeks
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary16 weeks
NCT06408103Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairmentParticipants102Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestPrimary9 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary9 months
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary9 months
  • Symbol CodingPrimary9 months
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary9 months
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallPrimary9 months
  • Token Commands TaskPrimary9 months
NCT06380725Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairmentParticipants60Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary6 months
  • Clock Drawing TaskPrimary6 months
NCT06375720Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairmentParticipants350Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
  • Symbol CodingSecondary12 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary12 months
NCT06372535Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairmentParticipants540Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Stroop Color-Word TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary6 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary6 months
NCT06335836Start2024PhaseObservationalConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairmentParticipants209Lead sponsorOtherStatusRecruitingLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Verbal FluencySecondary12 months
  • Digit Span TestSecondary12 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary12 months
  • Short Story RecallSecondary12 months
NCT06198530Start2024PhaseNot applicableConditionsMild cognitive impairmentParticipants96Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Verbal LearningSecondary12 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary12 months
NCT06094452Start2020PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairmentParticipants84Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary6 months
  • Verbal LearningSecondary6 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary6 months
  • Clock Drawing TaskSecondary6 months
  • Selective Reminding TaskSecondary6 months
NCT06041152Start2023PhasePhase 2ConditionsMild cognitive impairmentParticipants10Lead sponsorOtherStatusCompletedLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary3 years
  • Verbal LearningSecondary3 years
  • Verbal FluencySecondary3 years
  • Symbol CodingSecondary3 years
  • Category FluencySecondary3 years
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary3 years
  • Card Sorting Test (Berg)Secondary3 years
  • Short Story RecallSecondary3 years
  • Clock Drawing TaskSecondary3 years
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallSecondary3 years
  • Block Copy TestSecondary3 years
NCT05978804Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairmentParticipants5Lead sponsorOtherStatusStopped early

Results

Library tests named
  • Verbal LearningPrimary10 weeks
  • Verbal FluencyPrimary10 weeks
  • Digit Span TestPrimary10 weeks
  • Category FluencyPrimary10 weeks
  • Picture Naming TestPrimary10 weeks
NCT05887674Start2023PhaseNot applicableConditionsDementia and Alzheimer's, Mild cognitive impairmentParticipants180Lead sponsorOtherStatusStatus unknownLibrary tests named
  • Trail Making TestSecondary12 months
  • Verbal LearningPrimary12 months
  • Symbol CodingSecondary12 months
  • Picture Naming TestSecondary12 months
  • Clock Drawing TaskSecondary12 months
  • Complex Figure Copy and RecallPrimary12 months

Page 1 of 3

Questions, answered from the data

How many mild cognitive impairment trials use the Picture Naming Test?

71 registered mild cognitive impairment studies on ClinicalTrials.gov name it in an outcome measure, 23 of them in a primary outcome: 8% of the condition's 859 studies with a cognitive outcome, against 3% of all of them. It is the 9th most named test in mild cognitive impairment trials.

Which tests do mild cognitive impairment trials use with the Picture Naming Test?

Verbal Learning (45 studies), Verbal Fluency (45 studies) and the Trail Making Test (41 studies).

When do mild cognitive impairment trials measure the Picture Naming Test?

Half of the primary outcomes that name the Picture Naming Test are measured within 6 months of the start, and the middle half from 10 weeks to 12 months. 23 primary outcomes give a duration.

How many completed mild cognitive impairment trials that use the Picture Naming Test have reported results?

18 of the 29 completed studies that name it, 62%, have reported results: 13 posted them on ClinicalTrials.gov, 12 have a results paper linked to the registry record, and 7 did both. The other 11 show neither. Of all completed studies with a cognitive outcome, 46% have reported results.

More on the Picture Naming Test and mild cognitive impairment

  • Every cognitive test in mild cognitive impairment trials: 859 studies
  • The Picture Naming Test in all clinical trials: 466 studies

The Picture Naming Test in other conditions

  • Dementia and Alzheimer's104
  • Stroke99

Other tests in mild cognitive impairment trials

  • Trail Making Test213
  • Verbal Learning183
  • Verbal Fluency177
  • Digit Span Test169
  • Stroop Color-Word Test126
  • Category Fluency92
  • Symbol Coding84
  • Short Story Recall74

How the studies are counted

For each test family, the census runs ClinicalTrials.gov's own outcome search for the family's names and reads every study first posted by the day the family was counted. These studies were read on 10 November 2026. A study counts once on a page, however many tests it names. Counts for a test cover every version of the task under any of its names, so a page can count studies that used a commercial version.

The census adds two things to each record and changes nothing in it: which outcome list names the test (primary, then secondary, then other), and the condition groups, matched on the study's condition names and MeSH terms. A study can fall in several groups; one whose only condition is cognitive impairment or decline falls in “Cognitive impairment and decline”. Studies that name only instruments outside the library count in every total and share but are not listed.

A second read on 10 November 2026 added each study's overall status, whether results are posted, its intervention types, the countries of its sites and the time frame of the outcome that names each test. A time frame counts by the latest time point it names: “Baseline, 12 and 24 weeks” is 24 weeks, a single visit is within a day, and one that names no duration, such as “end of treatment”, is left out of the timings.

A third read on 10 November 2026 added the papers the registry links to each study: those its sponsor lists as reporting results, and those PubMed links to it through the study's NCT number. A study has a results paper when one of them came out in or after the month of its primary completion and PubMed does not class it as a protocol, review or comment. A paper that never gives the NCT number is not linked, so some studies counted as reporting neither did publish.

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which does not endorse these pages. Every study line is in the data release 2.1.0, and the explorer's own file is clinical-trials-studies.json.

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